Surface water is known to shape the formation and growth of valleys and channels. However, in some geologic settings, groundwater seeping upwards is important for the development of channel networks.
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Howard, A. Forming valleys from below. Nature Geosci 2, 165–166 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo447
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo447