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Nature Genetics | Analysis

日本語要約

Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs

Journal name:
Nature Genetics
Volume:
45,
Pages:
984–994
Year published:
DOI:
doi:10.1038/ng.2711
Received
Accepted
Published online

Abstract

Most psychiatric disorders are moderately to highly heritable. The degree to which genetic variation is unique to individual disorders or shared across disorders is unclear. To examine shared genetic etiology, we use genome-wide genotype data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) for cases and controls in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We apply univariate and bivariate methods for the estimation of genetic variation within and covariation between disorders. SNPs explained 17–29% of the variance in liability. The genetic correlation calculated using common SNPs was high between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (0.68 ± 0.04 s.e.), moderate between schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (0.43 ± 0.06 s.e.), bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (0.47 ± 0.06 s.e.), and ADHD and major depressive disorder (0.32 ± 0.07 s.e.), low between schizophrenia and ASD (0.16 ± 0.06 s.e.) and non-significant for other pairs of disorders as well as between psychiatric disorders and the negative control of Crohn's disease. This empirical evidence of shared genetic etiology for psychiatric disorders can inform nosology and encourages the investigation of common pathophysiologies for related disorders.

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  1. Evidence for genome-wide pleiotropy between psychiatric disorders.
    Figure 1: Evidence for genome-wide pleiotropy between psychiatric disorders.

    Proportion of variance in liability (SNP-based heritability) and proportion of covariance in liability between disorder (SNP-based coheritability) for five major psychiatric disorders. The 95% error bars represent the estimates ± 1.96 s.e. SCZ, schizophrenia; MDD, major depressive disorder; BPD, bipolar disorder.

  2. Genomic partitioning of SNP-based heritability and SNP-based coheritability by annotation.
    Figure 2: Genomic partitioning of SNP-based heritability and SNP-based coheritability by annotation.

    Shown is the proportion of SNPs attributable to genes in the CNS+ set (red), the proportion of SNP-based heritability attributable to SNPs in the CNS+ set (dark green), the proportion of SNP-based coheritability attributable to SNPs in the CNS+ set (light green) and the proportion of SNP-based heritability for Crohn's disease attributed to SNPs in the CNS+ set (orange). The 95% error bars represent the estimates ± 1.96 s.e. ***P < 1 × 10−5 in a test of whether the proportion of heritability explained by SNPs was equal to the proportion of SNP for the CNS+ set.

  3. SNP-based heritabilities and coheritabilities.
    Figure 3: SNP-based heritabilities and coheritabilities.

    (a) For each disorder, SNP-based heritabilities are estimated from univariate analyses of the full data set (dark green) or of sample subsets (red and pink bars). These heritabilities are also estimated from bivariate analyses in which different subsets of the same disorder comprise the two traits (blue). Test of the heterogeneity of estimates, P value for Cochran's Q: schizophrenia, 0.3; bipolar disorder, 1 × 10−6; major depressive disorder, 4 × 10−3; ADHD, 9 × 10−6; ASD, 0.99; Higgins' I2: schizophrenia, 21%; bipolar disorder, 86%; major depressive disorder, 71%; ADHD, 91%; ASD, 0%). (b) For comparison, the coheritabilities using the full data sets reported in Figure 1 are shown. (c) As a negative control, estimates of coheritabilities with Crohn's disease, a disease not expected to be genetically related to psychiatric disorders, are shown. We estimated 95% error bars using ± 1.96 s.e.

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Author information

  1. These authors contributed equally to this work.

    • Kenneth S Kendler &
    • Naomi R Wray

Affiliations

  1. The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

    • S Hong Lee,
    • Bryan J Mowry,
    • Enda M Byrne,
    • Peter M Visscher &
    • Naomi R Wray

  2. Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

    • Stephan Ripke,
    • Benjamin M Neale,
    • Shaun M Purcell,
    • Verneri Anttila,
    • Soumya Raychaudhuri &
    • Mark J Daly

  3. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

    • Stephan Ripke,
    • Benjamin M Neale,
    • Shaun M Purcell,
    • Roy H Perlis,
    • Sarah E Bergen,
    • Kimberly Chambert,
    • Steven A McCarroll,
    • Jennifer L Moran,
    • Colm O'Dushlaine,
    • Soumya Raychaudhuri,
    • Lizzy Rossin,
    • Edward Scolnick,
    • Mark J Daly &
    • Jordan W Smoller

  4. Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.

    • Stephen V Faraone

  5. Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.

    • Stephen V Faraone

  6. Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

    • Shaun M Purcell,
    • Douglas Ruderfer &
    • Pamela Sklar

  7. Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

    • Roy H Perlis,
    • Sarah E Bergen,
    • Phil H Lee &
    • Jordan W Smoller

  8. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia.

    • Bryan J Mowry

  9. Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.

    • Anita Thapar,
    • Christine Fraser,
    • Lyudmila Georgieva,
    • Katherine Gordon-Smith,
    • Detelina Grozeva,
    • Marian L Hamshere,
    • Peter A Holmans,
    • Ian Jones,
    • George K Kirov,
    • Valentina Moskvina,
    • Ivan Nikolov,
    • Michael J Owen,
    • Nigel Williams,
    • Stanley Zammit,
    • Michael C O'Donovan &
    • Nicholas Craddock

  10. Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.

    • Anita Thapar,
    • Christine Fraser,
    • Lyudmila Georgieva,
    • Ian Jones,
    • George K Kirov,
    • Ivan Nikolov,
    • Michael J Owen,
    • Nigel Williams,
    • Stanley Zammit,
    • Michael C O'Donovan &
    • Nicholas Craddock

  11. Biosciences Research Division, Department of Environment and Primary Industries Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

    • Michael E Goddard

  12. Faculty of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

    • Michael E Goddard

  13. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

    • John S Witte

  14. HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA.

    • Devin Absher &
    • Richard M Myers

  15. KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

    • Ingrid Agartz,
    • Ole A Andreassen,
    • Srdjan Djurovic,
    • Morten Mattingsdal &
    • Ingrid Melle

  16. Department of Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

    • Ingrid Agartz

  17. Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

    • Huda Akil,
    • Fan Meng,
    • Robert C Thompson &
    • Stanley J Watson

  18. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

    • Farooq Amin

  19. Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

    • Ole A Andreassen &
    • Ingrid Melle

  20. Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London, London, UK.

    • Adebayo Anjorin,
    • Nicholas Bass,
    • Khalid Choudhury,
    • Hugh Gurling,
    • Radhika Kandaswamy,
    • Robert Krasucki,
    • Jacob Lawrence,
    • Andrew McQuillin,
    • Jonathan Pimm &
    • Vinay Puri

  21. Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

    • Richard Anney,
    • Paul Cormican,
    • Aiden Corvin,
    • Gary J Donohoe,
    • Louise Gallagher,
    • Michael Gill,
    • Elaine Kenny,
    • Derek W Morris &
    • Emma M Quinn

  22. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

    • Dan E Arking &
    • Aravinda Chakravarti

  23. MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, The Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.

    • Philip Asherson,
    • Gerome Breen,
    • David A Collier,
    • Ian W Craig,
    • Anne E Farmer,
    • Jonna Kuntsi,
    • Cathryn M Lewis &
    • Peter McGuffin

  24. Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

    • Maria H Azevedo &
    • Guiomar Oliveira

  25. Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

    • Lena Backlund,
    • Louise Frisén,
    • Urban Osby &
    • Martin Schalling

  26. Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

    • Judith A Badner &
    • Elliot S Gershon

  27. Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

    • Anthony J Bailey

  28. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.

    • Tobias Banaschewski

  29. Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.

    • Jack D Barchas

  30. GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK.

    • Michael R Barnes

  31. Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA.

    • Thomas B Barrett

  32. Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy.

    • Agatino Battaglia

  33. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany.

    • Michael Bauer

  34. Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Barcelona, Spain.

    • Mònica Bayés

  35. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France.

    • Frank Bellivier,
    • Bruno Etain,
    • Stéphane Jamain &
    • Marion Leboyer

  36. Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France.

    • Frank Bellivier

  37. Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis, Lariboisiere, F Widal, Departement de Psychiatrie, Paris, France.

    • Frank Bellivier

  38. ENBREC (European Network of Bipolar Research Expert Centres) Group, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.

    • Frank Bellivier,
    • Bruno Etain,
    • Stéphane Jamain &
    • Marion Leboyer

  39. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

    • Sarah E Bergen,
    • Christina M Hultman,
    • Anna K Kähler,
    • Mikael Landén,
    • Niklas Långström,
    • Paul Lichtenstein &
    • Patrik K E Magnusson

  40. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

    • Wade Berrettini,
    • Josephine Elia &
    • Falk W Lohoff

  41. INSERM U952, Paris, France.

    • Catalina Betancur

  42. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7224, Paris, France.

    • Catalina Betancur

  43. Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.

    • Catalina Betancur

  44. Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.

    • Thomas Bettecken,
    • Elisabeth B Binder,
    • Darina Czamara,
    • Florian Holsboer,
    • Marcus Ising,
    • Martin A Kohli,
    • Susanne Lucae,
    • Bertram Müller-Myhsok &
    • Manfred Uhr

  45. Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

    • Joseph Biederman

  46. Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.

    • Donald W Black,
    • William H Coryell,
    • James B Potash &
    • Thomas H Wassink

  47. Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.

    • Douglas H R Blackwood,
    • Donald J MacIntyre,
    • Kevin A McGhee,
    • Andrew McIntosh,
    • Alan W McLean,
    • Walter J Muir &
    • Benjamin S Pickard

  48. The Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.

    • Cinnamon S Bloss,
    • Nicholas J Schork &
    • Erin N Smith

  49. Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA.

    • Cinnamon S Bloss

  50. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

    • Michael Boehnke,
    • Matthew Flickinger,
    • Weihua Guan,
    • Phoenix Kwan,
    • Laura J Scott,
    • Peng Zhang &
    • Sebastian Zöllner

  51. Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

    • Michael Boehnke,
    • Matthew Flickinger,
    • Weihua Guan,
    • Phoenix Kwan,
    • Laura J Scott,
    • Peng Zhang &
    • Sebastian Zöllner

  52. Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    • Dorret I Boomsma,
    • Eco J De Geus,
    • Jouke-Jan Hottenga,
    • Christel M Middeldorp &
    • Gonneke Willemsen

  53. EMGO+ (ExtraMuraalGeneeskundig Onderzoek) Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    • Dorret I Boomsma,
    • Eco J De Geus,
    • Brenda W Penninx,
    • Johannes H Smit,
    • Gerard Van Grootheest &
    • Gonneke Willemsen

  54. Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    • Dorret I Boomsma,
    • Eco J De Geus,
    • Jouke-Jan Hottenga,
    • Christel M Middeldorp &
    • Brenda W Penninx

  55. National Institute of Heath Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London, London, UK and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.

    • Gerome Breen

  56. Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.

    • René Breuer,
    • Josef Frank,
    • Sandra Meier,
    • Marcella Rietschel,
    • Jana Strohmaier,
    • Jens Treutlein &
    • Stephanie H Witt

  57. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.

    • Richard Bruggeman

  58. School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.

    • Nancy G Buccola

  59. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

    • Jan K Buitelaar &
    • Barbara Franke

  60. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.

    • William E Bunney

  61. Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

    • Joseph D Buxbaum

  62. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

    • William F Byerley &
    • Steven P Hamilton

  63. NCIRE (Northern California Institute of Q Research and Education), San Francisco, California, USA.

    • William F Byerley

  64. Department of Psychiatry, Birmingham University, Birmingham, UK.

    • Sian Caesar,
    • Katherine Gordon-Smith &
    • Lisa Jones

  65. Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

    • Wiepke Cahn &
    • René S Kahn

  66. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

    • Rita M Cantor

  67. Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en el Area de Salud Mental), Barcelona, Spain.

    • Miguel Casas,
    • Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga &
    • Marta Ribasés

  68. Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

    • Miguel Casas &
    • Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga

  69. Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

    • Sven Cichon,
    • Franziska Degenhardt,
    • Stefan Herms,
    • Thomas W Mühleisen &
    • Markus M Nöthen

  70. Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.

    • Sven Cichon

  71. Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

    • Sven Cichon,
    • Franziska Degenhardt,
    • Manuel Mattheisen,
    • Thomas W Mühleisen,
    • Markus M Nöthen,
    • Peter Propping &
    • Johannes Schumacher

  72. Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

    • Sven Cichon &
    • Stefan Herms

  73. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

    • C Robert Cloninger,
    • Andrew C Heath,
    • Pamela A F Madden,
    • Michele L Pergadia &
    • Alexandre A Todorov

  74. Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

    • Edwin H Cook

  75. Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

    • Hilary Coon &
    • William M McMahon

  76. Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

    • Bru Cormand

  77. Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.

    • Bru Cormand

  78. Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.

    • Bru Cormand

  79. The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.

    • David W Craig &
    • Szabocls Szelinger

  80. Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

    • Jennifer Crosbie &
    • Russell Schachar

  81. John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

    • Michael L Cuccaro &
    • Margaret A Pericak-Vance

  82. East London NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.

    • David Curtis

  83. Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.

    • Darina Czamara &
    • Bertram Müller-Myhsok

  84. Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.

    • Susmita Datta

  85. Autism Speaks, New York, New York, USA.

    • Geraldine Dawson

  86. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.

    • Geraldine Dawson

  87. Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.

    • Geraldine Dawson &
    • Joseph Piven

  88. Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK.

    • Richard Day &
    • Keith Matthews

  89. Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

    • Srdjan Djurovic

  90. Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

    • Alysa E Doyle

  91. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University Health System and University of Chicago, Evanston, Illinois, USA.

    • Jubao Duan,
    • Pablo V Gejman &
    • Alan R Sanders

  92. Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.

    • Frank Dudbridge

  93. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.

    • Eftichia Duketis,
    • Christine M Freitag &
    • Fritz Poustka

  94. Psychology Department, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

    • Richard P Ebstein

  95. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.

    • Howard J Edenberg

  96. Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.

    • Howard J Edenberg,
    • Tatiana Foroud,
    • Daniel L Koller &
    • John I Nurnberger

  97. AI Dupont Hospital for Children, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

    • Josephine Elia

  98. School of Medicine, Medical Science University College, Dublin, Ireland.

    • Sean Ennis

  99. Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.

    • Bruno Etain,
    • Stéphane Jamain &
    • Marion Leboyer

  100. AP-HP, Hôpital H Mondor–A Chenevier, Département de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France.

    • Bruno Etain,
    • Stéphane Jamain &
    • Marion Leboyer

  101. Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.

    • Ayman Fanous

  102. Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.

    • Ayman Fanous,
    • Michael C Neale &
    • Kenneth S Kendler

  103. Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

    • I Nicol Ferrier,
    • Jeremy R Parr &
    • Allan H Young

  104. Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

    • Eric Fombonne

  105. Institute for Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.

    • Eric Fombonne

  106. Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

    • Robert Freedman &
    • Ann Olincy

  107. Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

    • Nelson B Freimer,
    • Sandra K Loo,
    • Stan F Nelson,
    • Roel A Ophoff &
    • Susan L Smalley

  108. Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany.

    • Marion Friedl,
    • Ina Giegling,
    • Annette M Hartmann,
    • Bettina Konte &
    • Dan Rujescu

  109. Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

    • Daniel H Geschwind &
    • Jennifer K Lowe

  110. Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

    • Daniel H Geschwind &
    • Jennifer K Lowe

  111. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

    • Scott D Gordon,
    • Anjali K Henders,
    • Nicholas G Martin,
    • Sarah E Medland,
    • Grant W Montgomery &
    • Dale R Nyholt

  112. Department of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK.

    • Elaine K Green

  113. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.

    • Tiffany A Greenwood,
    • Rebecca McKinney,
    • Caroline M Nievergelt,
    • Paul D Shilling &
    • John R Kelsoe

  114. Division of Tics, OCD and Related Disorders, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

    • Dorothy E Grice

  115. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

    • Dorothy E Grice &
    • Jeremy M Silverman

  116. Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

    • Magdalena Gross,
    • Susanne Hoefels &
    • Wolfgang Maier

  117. Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.

    • Weihua Guan

  118. Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam The Netherlands.

    • Lieuwe De Haan

  119. Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.

    • Jonathan L Haines

  120. The Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

    • Hakon Hakonarson

  121. Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

    • Hakon Hakonarson

  122. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.

    • Joachim Hallmayer

  123. Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.

    • Marian L Hamshere,
    • Peter A Holmans &
    • Valentina Moskvina

  124. Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.

    • Thomas F Hansen,
    • Andrés Ingason,
    • Line Olsen,
    • Henrik B Rasmussen &
    • Thomas Werge

  125. The Lundbeck Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Roskilde, Denmark.

    • Thomas F Hansen,
    • Andrés Ingason,
    • Manuel Mattheisen,
    • Line Olsen,
    • Henrik B Rasmussen &
    • Thomas Werge

  126. Department of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

    • Martin Hautzinger

  127. Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

    • Ian B Hickie

  128. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.

    • Maria Hipolito,
    • William B Lawson &
    • Evaristus A Nwulia

  129. Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

    • Witte J Hoogendijk

  130. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

    • Vanessa Hus

  131. Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.

    • Edward G Jones

  132. Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.

    • Jung-Ying Tzeng

  133. Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.

    • Matthew C Keller

  134. Psychiatric Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

    • James L Kennedy

  135. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.

    • Lindsey Kent

  136. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.

    • Yunjung Kim &
    • Patrick F Sullivan

  137. Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.

    • Sabine M Klauck

  138. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

    • Lambertus Klei &
    • Bernie Devlin

  139. Department of Psychiatry, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.

    • James A Knowles,
    • Helena Medeiros,
    • Carlos N Pato &
    • Michele T Pato

  140. Wolfson Institute of Preventitive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.

    • Ania Korszun

  141. Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

    • Lydia Krabbendam,
    • Inez Myin-Germeys &
    • Jim Van Os

  142. Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

    • Mikael Landén

  143. Centre National de Genotypage, Evry, France.

    • Mark Lathrop

  144. Geisinger Health System, Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA.

    • David H Ledbetter &
    • Christa L Martin

  145. Department of Psychiatry, Division of Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital Division of the North Shore, Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, USA.

    • Todd Lencz &
    • Anil K Malhotra

  146. Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.

    • Todd Lencz &
    • Anil K Malhotra

  147. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA.

    • Todd Lencz &
    • Anil K Malhotra

  148. Division of Molecular Psychiatry, ADHD Clinical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

    • Klaus-Peter Lesch

  149. Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHENS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

    • Klaus-Peter Lesch

  150. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.

    • Douglas F Levinson

  151. Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

    • Jun Li

  152. New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.

    • Jeffrey A Lieberman &
    • Patrick J McGrath

  153. Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.

    • Dan-Yu Lin

  154. Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    • Don H Linszen

  155. Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

    • Chunyu Liu

  156. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

    • Sandra K Loo &
    • Susan L Smalley

  157. Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, New York, USA.

    • Catherine Lord

  158. Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

    • Elena Maestrini

  159. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

    • Pamela B Mahon &
    • Thomas G Schulze

  160. Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Orange, Connecticut, USA.

    • Shrikant M Mane

  161. Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

    • Manuel Mattheisen

  162. Department of Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

    • Manuel Mattheisen

  163. Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway.

    • Morten Mattingsdal

  164. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

    • James J McGough

  165. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

    • Melvin G McInnis,
    • Peng Zhang &
    • Sebastian Zöllner

  166. Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

    • Andrew McIntosh,
    • Alan W McLean,
    • Walter J Muir &
    • Benjamin S Pickard

  167. National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

    • Francis J McMahon

  168. Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, Trier University, Trier, Germany.

    • Jobst Meyer

  169. Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.

    • Lefkos Middleton

  170. Department of Psychiatry, First Psychiatric Clinic, Alexander University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria.

    • Vihra Milanova

  171. Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.

    • Ana Miranda

  172. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

    • Anthony P Monaco

  173. Office of the President, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA.

    • Anthony P Monaco

  174. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

    • Daniel Moreno-De-Luca,
    • Stephan J Sanders &
    • Matthew State

  175. Department of Psychiatry, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.

    • Gunnar Morken

  176. Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

    • Gunnar Morken

  177. Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.

    • Eric M Morrow

  178. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.

    • Eric M Morrow

  179. Neurosciences Centre of Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Verona, Italy.

    • Pierandrea Muglia &
    • Federica Tozzi

  180. Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

    • Thomas W Mühleisen

  181. Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

    • Michael Murtha,
    • Stephan J Sanders,
    • Matthew State &
    • A Jeremy Willsey

  182. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

    • Vishwajit Nimgaonkar

  183. Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

    • Vishwajit Nimgaonkar

  184. Department of Psychiatry, Groningen University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands.

    • Willem A Nolen

  185. Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.

    • John I Nurnberger

  186. Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

    • Robert D Oades

  187. Research and Clinical Training Department, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.

    • Guiomar Oliveira

  188. Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.

    • Roel A Ophoff

  189. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

    • Roel A Ophoff

  190. Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.

    • Aarno Palotie &
    • Karola Rehnström

  191. Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

    • Andrew D Paterson

  192. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

    • Andrew D Paterson &
    • Wei Xu

  193. Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    • Brenda W Penninx,
    • Johannes H Smit &
    • Gerard Van Grootheest

  194. Department of Functional Genomics, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    • Danielle Posthuma

  195. Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    • Danielle Posthuma

  196. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

    • Danielle Posthuma

  197. Academic Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

    • Digby J Quested

  198. Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.

    • Andreas Reif

  199. Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.

    • Marta Ribasés

  200. Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

    • John P Rice

  201. Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

    • Kathryn Roeder

  202. Department of Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

    • Herbert Roeyers &
    • Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke

  203. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.

    • Aribert Rothenberger

  204. Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

    • Guy Rouleau

  205. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

    • Stephan J Sanders,
    • Matthew State &
    • A Jeremy Willsey

  206. Program on Neurogenetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

    • Stephan J Sanders

  207. Department of Psychiatry, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA.

    • Susan L Santangelo

  208. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

    • Susan L Santangelo

  209. Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    • Joseph A Sergeant

  210. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.

    • Alan F Schatzberg

  211. Rush Ambulatory Behavioral Health, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

    • William A Scheftner

  212. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

    • Gerard D Schellenberg

  213. The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

    • Stephen W Scherer

  214. The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.

    • Nicholas J Schork &
    • Erin N Smith

  215. Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.

    • Thomas G Schulze

  216. Psychiatric Center Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany.

    • Markus Schwarz

  217. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

    • Jianxin Shi

  218. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

    • Stanley I Shyn

  219. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

    • Susan L Slager

  220. Developmental Brain & Behaviour Laboratory, Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.

    • Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke

  221. Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.

    • David St. Clair

  222. Research Department, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany.

    • Michael Steffens

  223. Research Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.

    • Hans-Christoph Steinhausen

  224. Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

    • Hans-Christoph Steinhausen

  225. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

    • Hans-Christoph Steinhausen

  226. Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

    • John S Strauss &
    • John B Vincent

  227. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.

    • T Scott Stroup

  228. Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.

    • James S Sutcliffe

  229. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

    • Peter Szatmari

  230. Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

    • Peter Szatmari

  231. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

    • Peter Szatmari

  232. Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Marlborough House Secure Unit, Milton Keynes, UK.

    • Srinivasa Thirumalai

  233. Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.

    • Edwin J C G van den Oord

  234. Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.

    • Astrid M Vicente

  235. BioFIG—Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal.

    • Astrid M Vicente

  236. Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, Lisbon, Portugal.

    • Astrid M Vicente

  237. Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

    • Veronica J Vieland

  238. The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

    • Peter M Visscher

  239. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

    • Christopher A Walsh

  240. Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

    • Christopher A Walsh

  241. Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Center for Life Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

    • Christopher A Walsh

  242. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School Center for Life Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

    • Christopher A Walsh

  243. Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.

    • Myrna M Weissman

  244. Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

    • Thomas Werge

  245. Institute of Medical Biometry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

    • Thomas F Wienker

  246. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

    • Ellen M Wijsman

  247. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

    • Ellen M Wijsman

  248. Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.

    • Allan H Young

  249. Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

    • Timothy W Yu

  250. Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

    • Peter P Zandi

  251. Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

    • Frans G Zitman

  252. Department of Psychiatry, Special Treatment and Evaluation Program (STEP), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.

    • John R Kelsoe

  253. Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.

    • Kenneth S Kendler

  254. Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.

    • Kenneth S Kendler

  255. Deceased.

    • Edward G Jones &
    • Walter J Muir

Consortia

  1. Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium

    • S Hong Lee,
    • Stephan Ripke,
    • Benjamin M Neale,
    • Stephen V Faraone,
    • Shaun M Purcell,
    • Roy H Perlis,
    • Bryan J Mowry,
    • Anita Thapar,
    • Michael E Goddard,
    • John S Witte,
    • Devin Absher,
    • Ingrid Agartz,
    • Huda Akil,
    • Farooq Amin,
    • Ole A Andreassen,
    • Adebayo Anjorin,
    • Richard Anney,
    • Verneri Anttila,
    • Dan E Arking,
    • Philip Asherson,
    • Maria H Azevedo,
    • Lena Backlund,
    • Judith A Badner,
    • Anthony J Bailey,
    • Tobias Banaschewski,
    • Jack D Barchas,
    • Michael R Barnes,
    • Thomas B Barrett,
    • Nicholas Bass,
    • Agatino Battaglia,
    • Michael Bauer,
    • Mònica Bayés,
    • Frank Bellivier,
    • Sarah E Bergen,
    • Wade Berrettini,
    • Catalina Betancur,
    • Thomas Bettecken,
    • Joseph Biederman,
    • Elisabeth B Binder,
    • Donald W Black,
    • Douglas H R Blackwood,
    • Cinnamon S Bloss,
    • Michael Boehnke,
    • Dorret I Boomsma,
    • Gerome Breen,
    • René Breuer,
    • Richard Bruggeman,
    • Paul Cormican,
    • Nancy G Buccola,
    • Jan K Buitelaar,
    • William E Bunney,
    • Joseph D Buxbaum,
    • William F Byerley,
    • Enda M Byrne,
    • Sian Caesar,
    • Wiepke Cahn,
    • Rita M Cantor,
    • Miguel Casas,
    • Aravinda Chakravarti,
    • Kimberly Chambert,
    • Khalid Choudhury,
    • Sven Cichon,
    • C Robert Cloninger,
    • David A Collier,
    • Edwin H Cook,
    • Hilary Coon,
    • Bru Cormand,
    • Aiden Corvin,
    • William H Coryell,
    • David W Craig,
    • Ian W Craig,
    • Jennifer Crosbie,
    • Michael L Cuccaro,
    • David Curtis,
    • Darina Czamara,
    • Susmita Datta,
    • Geraldine Dawson,
    • Richard Day,
    • Eco J De Geus,
    • Franziska Degenhardt,
    • Srdjan Djurovic,
    • Gary J Donohoe,
    • Alysa E Doyle,
    • Jubao Duan,
    • Frank Dudbridge,
    • Eftichia Duketis,
    • Richard P Ebstein,
    • Howard J Edenberg,
    • Josephine Elia,
    • Sean Ennis,
    • Bruno Etain,
    • Ayman Fanous,
    • Anne E Farmer,
    • I Nicol Ferrier,
    • Matthew Flickinger,
    • Eric Fombonne,
    • Tatiana Foroud,
    • Josef Frank,
    • Barbara Franke,
    • Christine Fraser,
    • Robert Freedman,
    • Nelson B Freimer,
    • Christine M Freitag,
    • Marion Friedl,
    • Louise Frisén,
    • Louise Gallagher,
    • Pablo V Gejman,
    • Lyudmila Georgieva,
    • Elliot S Gershon,
    • Daniel H Geschwind,
    • Ina Giegling,
    • Michael Gill,
    • Scott D Gordon,
    • Katherine Gordon-Smith,
    • Elaine K Green,
    • Tiffany A Greenwood,
    • Dorothy E Grice,
    • Magdalena Gross,
    • Detelina Grozeva,
    • Weihua Guan,
    • Hugh Gurling,
    • Lieuwe De Haan,
    • Jonathan L Haines,
    • Hakon Hakonarson,
    • Joachim Hallmayer,
    • Steven P Hamilton,
    • Marian L Hamshere,
    • Thomas F Hansen,
    • Annette M Hartmann,
    • Martin Hautzinger,
    • Andrew C Heath,
    • Anjali K Henders,
    • Stefan Herms,
    • Ian B Hickie,
    • Maria Hipolito,
    • Susanne Hoefels,
    • Peter A Holmans,
    • Florian Holsboer,
    • Witte J Hoogendijk,
    • Jouke-Jan Hottenga,
    • Christina M Hultman,
    • Vanessa Hus,
    • Andrés Ingason,
    • Marcus Ising,
    • Stéphane Jamain,
    • Edward G Jones,
    • Ian Jones,
    • Lisa Jones,
    • Jung-Ying Tzeng,
    • Anna K Kähler,
    • René S Kahn,
    • Radhika Kandaswamy,
    • Matthew C Keller,
    • James L Kennedy,
    • Elaine Kenny,
    • Lindsey Kent,
    • Yunjung Kim,
    • George K Kirov,
    • Sabine M Klauck,
    • Lambertus Klei,
    • James A Knowles,
    • Martin A Kohli,
    • Daniel L Koller,
    • Bettina Konte,
    • Ania Korszun,
    • Lydia Krabbendam,
    • Robert Krasucki,
    • Jonna Kuntsi,
    • Phoenix Kwan,
    • Mikael Landén,
    • Niklas Långström,
    • Mark Lathrop,
    • Jacob Lawrence,
    • William B Lawson,
    • Marion Leboyer,
    • David H Ledbetter,
    • Phil H Lee,
    • Todd Lencz,
    • Klaus-Peter Lesch,
    • Douglas F Levinson,
    • Cathryn M Lewis,
    • Jun Li,
    • Paul Lichtenstein,
    • Jeffrey A Lieberman,
    • Dan-Yu Lin,
    • Don H Linszen,
    • Chunyu Liu,
    • Falk W Lohoff,
    • Sandra K Loo,
    • Catherine Lord,
    • Jennifer K Lowe,
    • Susanne Lucae,
    • Donald J MacIntyre,
    • Pamela A F Madden,
    • Elena Maestrini,
    • Patrik K E Magnusson,
    • Pamela B Mahon,
    • Wolfgang Maier,
    • Anil K Malhotra,
    • Shrikant M Mane,
    • Christa L Martin,
    • Nicholas G Martin,
    • Manuel Mattheisen,
    • Keith Matthews,
    • Morten Mattingsdal,
    • Steven A McCarroll,
    • Kevin A McGhee,
    • James J McGough,
    • Patrick J McGrath,
    • Peter McGuffin,
    • Melvin G McInnis,
    • Andrew McIntosh,
    • Rebecca McKinney,
    • Alan W McLean,
    • Francis J McMahon,
    • William M McMahon,
    • Andrew McQuillin,
    • Helena Medeiros,
    • Sarah E Medland,
    • Sandra Meier,
    • Ingrid Melle,
    • Fan Meng,
    • Jobst Meyer,
    • Christel M Middeldorp,
    • Lefkos Middleton,
    • Vihra Milanova,
    • Ana Miranda,
    • Anthony P Monaco,
    • Grant W Montgomery,
    • Jennifer L Moran,
    • Daniel Moreno-De-Luca,
    • Gunnar Morken,
    • Derek W Morris,
    • Eric M Morrow,
    • Valentina Moskvina,
    • Pierandrea Muglia,
    • Thomas W Mühleisen,
    • Walter J Muir,
    • Bertram Müller-Myhsok,
    • Michael Murtha,
    • Richard M Myers,
    • Inez Myin-Germeys,
    • Michael C Neale,
    • Stan F Nelson,
    • Caroline M Nievergelt,
    • Ivan Nikolov,
    • Vishwajit Nimgaonkar,
    • Willem A Nolen,
    • Markus M Nöthen,
    • John I Nurnberger,
    • Evaristus A Nwulia,
    • Dale R Nyholt,
    • Colm O'Dushlaine,
    • Robert D Oades,
    • Ann Olincy,
    • Guiomar Oliveira,
    • Line Olsen,
    • Roel A Ophoff,
    • Urban Osby,
    • Michael J Owen,
    • Aarno Palotie,
    • Jeremy R Parr,
    • Andrew D Paterson,
    • Carlos N Pato,
    • Michele T Pato,
    • Brenda W Penninx,
    • Michele L Pergadia,
    • Margaret A Pericak-Vance,
    • Benjamin S Pickard,
    • Jonathan Pimm,
    • Joseph Piven,
    • Danielle Posthuma,
    • James B Potash,
    • Fritz Poustka,
    • Peter Propping,
    • Vinay Puri,
    • Digby J Quested,
    • Emma M Quinn,
    • Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga,
    • Henrik B Rasmussen,
    • Soumya Raychaudhuri,
    • Karola Rehnström,
    • Andreas Reif,
    • Marta Ribasés,
    • John P Rice,
    • Marcella Rietschel,
    • Kathryn Roeder,
    • Herbert Roeyers,
    • Lizzy Rossin,
    • Aribert Rothenberger,
    • Guy Rouleau,
    • Douglas Ruderfer,
    • Dan Rujescu,
    • Alan R Sanders,
    • Stephan J Sanders,
    • Susan L Santangelo,
    • Joseph A Sergeant,
    • Russell Schachar,
    • Martin Schalling,
    • Alan F Schatzberg,
    • William A Scheftner,
    • Gerard D Schellenberg,
    • Stephen W Scherer,
    • Nicholas J Schork,
    • Thomas G Schulze,
    • Johannes Schumacher,
    • Markus Schwarz,
    • Edward Scolnick,
    • Laura J Scott,
    • Jianxin Shi,
    • Paul D Shilling,
    • Stanley I Shyn,
    • Jeremy M Silverman,
    • Susan L Slager,
    • Susan L Smalley,
    • Johannes H Smit,
    • Erin N Smith,
    • Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke,
    • David St. Clair,
    • Matthew State,
    • Michael Steffens,
    • Hans-Christoph Steinhausen,
    • John S Strauss,
    • Jana Strohmaier,
    • T Scott Stroup,
    • James S Sutcliffe,
    • Peter Szatmari,
    • Szabocls Szelinger,
    • Srinivasa Thirumalai,
    • Robert C Thompson,
    • Alexandre A Todorov,
    • Federica Tozzi,
    • Jens Treutlein,
    • Manfred Uhr,
    • Edwin J C G van den Oord,
    • Gerard Van Grootheest,
    • Jim Van Os,
    • Astrid M Vicente,
    • Veronica J Vieland,
    • John B Vincent,
    • Peter M Visscher,
    • Christopher A Walsh,
    • Thomas H Wassink,
    • Stanley J Watson,
    • Myrna M Weissman,
    • Thomas Werge,
    • Thomas F Wienker,
    • Ellen M Wijsman,
    • Gonneke Willemsen,
    • Nigel Williams,
    • A Jeremy Willsey,
    • Stephanie H Witt,
    • Wei Xu,
    • Allan H Young,
    • Timothy W Yu,
    • Stanley Zammit,
    • Peter P Zandi,
    • Peng Zhang,
    • Frans G Zitman,
    • Sebastian Zöllner,
    • International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium (IIBDGC),
    • Bernie Devlin,
    • John R Kelsoe,
    • Pamela Sklar,
    • Mark J Daly,
    • Michael C O'Donovan,
    • Nicholas Craddock,
    • Patrick F Sullivan,
    • Jordan W Smoller,
    • Kenneth S Kendler &
    • Naomi R Wray

  3. International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium (IIBDGC)

  4. A list of members appears in the Supplementary Note.

Contributions

Project conception: K.S.K., N.R.W. and J.W.S. Analysis: S.H.L. and N.R.W. Writing of the manuscript: N.R.W., S.H.L., K.S.K. and S.V.F. Quality control for PGC data: S. Ripke and B.M.N. Revisions to the manuscript: S.M.P., J.W.S., R.H.P., B.J.M., P.F.S., A.T., C.O., M.J.D., R.D.O. and J.B. Statistical advice: M.E.G. and J.S.W. Data access: D.P. PGC Workgroup Chairs: M.J.D. (analysis), S.V.F. (ADHD), M.J.D. and B.D. (co-chairs ASD), J.K. and P. Sklar (co-chairs bipolar disorder), P.F.S. (major depressive disorder), M.C.O. (schizophrenia) and J.W.S. and K.S.K. (co-chairs cross-disorder group). Collection, genotyping and analysis for PGC Working Groups. PGC ADHD Working Group: B.M.N., S.V.F., A.T., R.A., P.A., T. Banaschewski, M. Bayés, J.B., J.K.B., M.C., B.C., J.C., A.E.D., R.P.E., J.E., B.F., C.M.F., L. Kent, J.K., K.-P.L., S.K.L., J.M., J.J.M., S.E.M., J.M.S., A. Miranda, S.F.N., R.D.O., J.A.R.-Q., A. Reif, M. Ribasés, H.R., A. Rothenberger, J.A.S., R.S., S.L. Smalley, E.J.S.S.-B., H.-C.S., A.A.T. and N.W. PGC ASD Working Group: R.A., D.E.A., A.J.B., A.B., C.B., J.D. Buxbaum, A. Chakravarti, E.H.C., H.C., M.L.C., G.D., E.D., S.E., E.F., C.M.F., L. Gallagher, D.H.G., M. Gill, D.E.G., J.L.H., H.H., J.H., V.H., S.M.K., L. Klei, D.H. Ledbetter, C. Lord, J.K.L., E.M., S.M.M., C.L.M., W.M.M., A.P.M., D.M.-D.-L., E.M.M., M. Murtha, G.O., A.P., J.R.P., A.D.P., M.A.P.-V., J. Piven, F.P., K. Rehnström, K. Roeder, G.R., S.J.S., S.L. Santangelo, G.D.S., S.W.S., M. State, J.S. Sutcliffe, P. Szatmari, A.M.V., V.J.V., C.A.W., T.H.W., E.M.W., A.J.W., T.W.Y., B.D. and M.J.D. PGC BPD Working Group: S.M.P., D.A., H.A., O.A.A., A.A., L.B., J.A.B., J.D. Barchas, T.B.B., N.B., M. Bauer, F.B., S.E.B., W.B., D.H.R.B., C.S.B., M. Boehnke, G.B., R. Breuer, W.E.B., W.F.B., S. Caesar, K. Chambert, S. Cichon, D.A.C., A. Corvin, W.H.C., D.W.C., R.D., F. Degenhardt, S. Djurovic, F. Dudbridge, H.J.E., B.E., A.E.F., I.N.F., M. Flickinger, T.F., J.F., C.F., L.F., E.S.G., M. Gill, K.G.-S., E.K.G., T.A.G., D.G., W.G., H.G., M.L.H., M. Hautzinger, S. Herms, M. Hipolito, P.A.H., C.M.H., S.J., E.G.J., I.J., L.J., R. Kandaswamy, J.L.K., G.K.K., D.L.K., P.K., M. Landén, N.L., M. Lathrop, J. Lawrence, W.B.L., M. Leboyer, P.H.L., J. Li, P.L., D.-Y.L., C. Liu, F.W.L., S.L., P.B.M., W.M., N.G.M., M. Mattheisen, K.M., M. Mattingsdal, K.A.M., P.M., M.G.M., A. McIntosh, R.M., A.W.M., F.J.M., A. McQuillin, S.M., I.M., F.M., G.W.M., J.L.M., G.M., D.W.M., V. Moskvina, P.M., T.W.M., W.J.M., B.M.-M., R.M.M., C.M.N., I.N., V.N., M.M.N., J.I.N., E.A.N., C.O., U.O., M.J.O., B.S.P., J.B.P., P.P., E.M.Q., S. Raychaudhuri, A. Reif, J.P.R., M. Rietschel, D. Ruderfer, M. Schalling, A.F.S., W.A.S., N.J.S., T.G.S., J. Schumacher, M. Schwarz, E.S., L.J.S., P.D.S., E.N.S., D.S.C., M. Steffens, J.S. Strauss, J. Strohmaier, S.S., R.C.T., F.T., J.T., J.B.V., S.J.W., T.F.W., S.H.W., W.X., A.H.Y., P.P.Z., P.Z., S. Zöllner, J.R.K., P. Sklar, M.J.D., M.C.O. and N.C. PGC MDD Working Group: M.R.B., T. Bettecken, E.B.B., D.H.R.B., D.I.B., G.B., R. Breuer, S. Cichon, W.H.C., I.W.C., D. Czamara, E.J.D.G., F. Degenhardt, A.E.F., J.F., S.D.G., M. Gross, S.P.H., A.C.H., A.K.H., S. Herms, I.B.H., F.H., W.J.H., S. Hoefels, J.-J.H., M.I., I.J., L.J., J.-Y. T., J.A.K., M.A.K., A.K., W.B.L., D.F.L., C.M.L., D.-Y.L., S.L., D.J.M., P.A.F.M., W.M.,. N.G.M., M. Mattheisen, P.J.M., P.M., A. McIntosh, A.W.M., C.M.M., L.M., G.W.M., P.M., B.M.-M., W.A.N., M.M.N., D.R.N., B.W.P., M.L.P., J.B.P., M. Rietschel, W.A.S., T.G.S., J. Shi, S.I.S., S.L. Slager, J.H.S., M. Steffens, F.T., J.T., M.U., E.J.C.G.v.d.O., G.V.G., M.M.W., G.W., F.G.Z., P.F.S. and N.R.W. PGC SCZ Working Group: S. Ripke, B.M.N., S.M.P., B.J.M., I.A., F.A., O.A.A., M.H.A., N.B., D.W.B., D.H.R.B., R. Bruggeman, N.G.B., W.F.B., W.C., R.M.C., K. Choudhury, S. Cichon, C.R.C., P.C., A. Corvin, D. Curtis, S. Datta, S. Djurovic, G.J.D., J.D., F. Dudbridge, A.F., R.F., N.B.F., M. Friedl, P.V.G., L. Georgieva, I.G., M. Gill, H.G., L.D.H., M.L.H., T.F.H., A.M.H., P.A.H., C.M.H., A.I., A.K.K, R.S.K., M.C.K., E.K., Y.K., G.K.K., B.K., L. Krabbendam, R. Krasucki, J. Lawrence, P.H.L., T.L., D.F.L., J.A.L., D.-Y.L., D.H. Linszen, P.K.E.M., W.M., A.K.M., M. Mattheisen, M. Mattingsdal, S.M., S.A.M., A. McIntosh, A. McQuillin, H.M., I.M., V. Milanova, D.W.M., V. Moskvina, I.M.-G., M.M.N., C.O., A.O., L.O., R.A.O., M.J.O., C.N.P., M.T.P., B.S.P., J. Pimm, D.P., V.P., D.J.Q., H.B.R., M. Rietschel, L.R., D. Ruderfer, D. Rujescu, A.R.S., T.G.S., J. Shi, J.M.S., D.S.C., T.S.S., S.T., J.V.O., P.M.V., T.W., S. Zammit, P. Sklar, M.J.D., M.C.O., N.C., P.F.S. and K.S.K. PGC Cross-Disorder Group Working Group: S.H.L., S. Ripke, B.M.N., S.M.P., R.H.P., A.T., A.F., M.C.N., J.I.N., B.W.P., M. Rietschel, T.G.S., N.C., S.L. Santangelo, P.F.S., J.W.S., K.S.K. and N.R.W. PGC Analysis Working Group: S.H.L., S. Ripke, B.M.N., S.M.P., V.A., E.M.B., P.H.L., S.E.M., M.C.N., D.P., M.J.D. and N.R.W.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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      Supplementary Tables 1–9, Supplementary Figures 1 and 2 and Supplementary Note

    Additional data