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Published online 3 February 2006 | Nature | doi:10.1038/news060130-13

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Is it best to expect the worst?

Psychologists test long-held theory of emotional cushioning.

Expecting the worst may not make you feel any better when faced with a disappointment, say psychology researchers who have tested the age-old advice.

Most people believe that mentally preparing for the worst outcome in an examination or race will soften the disappointment if we flunk or flop - and heighten the joy if we succeed.

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