Fermented foods have gained renewed popularity owing to their health-promoting potential. This Review discusses the mechanisms underlying the benefits of fermented foods in gut health and disease, highlighting how specific fermented food microorganisms, food components and bioactive compounds exert their effects. A future outlook on research is also detailed.

In this Review, Argüero and Sifrim describe the core pathophysiological mechanisms involved in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). They also discuss the implications for clinical management of GERD.

The lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex and asexual (LGBTQIA+) community navigates a complex social landscape marked by strides in acceptance alongside enduring discrimination. Allies — individuals outside of the LGBTQIA+ spectrum who support and advocate for this community — are paramount, with allyship playing a critical part in influencing the health and well-being of LGBTQIA+ individuals.

Magnetic resonance imaging following injection of hepatobiliary contrast agents improves the detection of hepatocellular carcinomas when contrast agent accumulations in tumours and the surrounding pathological liver differ. However, tissue accumulation is poorly investigated, and this Clinical Outlook article highlights experimental data to understand better contrast agent accumulation in human pathological livers.

Cultural safety seeks to remediate health inequities through empowering marginalized and minoritized patient populations, minimizing implicit bias and incorporating social determinants of health into practice. Here, we propose a cultural safety framework to guide communication with patients from sexual and gender minorities.