TABLE 1 Clinicopathologic approach to Napoleon's gastric illness on St Helena (1815–1821)
From the following article:
Napoleon Bonaparte's gastric cancer: a clinicopathologic approach to staging, pathogenesis, and etiology
Alessandro Lugli, Inti Zlobec, Gad Singer, Andrea Kopp Lugli, Luigi M Terracciano and Robert M Genta
BACK TO ARTICLE| Features | October 1815–September 1820 Phases 1–3 | October 1820–February 1821 Phase 4 | March 1821–May 1821 Phase 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
Abbreviations: bpm, beats per minute; TNM, tumor-node-metastasis stage | |||
| Clinical symptoms | Strong epigastric pain, nausea, emesis, headache, and constipation alternating with diarrhea | Persistent abdominal pain, emesis, nausea (with aversion to meat), dysphagia, constipation, night sweats, fever, progressive weakness, and weight loss | Strong, diffuse, abdominal pain (48 of 48 days), fever (36 of 48 days), emesis (32 of 48 days), weight loss, night sweats, hematemesis, melena, and tachycardia (112 bpm) |
| Correlated postmortem findings | Prepyloric small ulcer with strong adherences to the liver | Ulcerated gastric lesion with hardened, irregular borders covering the stomach from the cardia to the pyloric region | Ulcerated gastric lesion with hardened, irregular borders covering the stomach from the cardia to the pyloric region (>10 cm) Enlarged and hardened perigastric lymph nodes No distant metastasis Stomach filled with dark material resembling coffee grounds Very pale skin and pale internal organs |
| Etiology and pathogenesis | Helicobacter pylori infection Chronic gastritis Chronic gastric ulcer | Gastric cancer | Advanced ulcerated gastric cancer (Borrmann type III) Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage |
| Conclusion | Sporadic pathway | Advanced gastric cancer | T3N1M0 (Stage IIIA) tumor |