Radiation of sufficient energy can knock out a tightly bound core-electron from the inner shell of a water molecule, leaving behind a short-lived, highly excited state. Now, through electron spectroscopy and theoretical simulations, these states have been observed to undergo previously unconsidered proton-mediated processes in solution.
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Pettersson, L. Radical water. Nature Chem 5, 553–554 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1686
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1686
