Abstract
A major challenge in the implementation of laboratory-designed catalysts is the scale-up into technically relevant forms. Advanced characterization is essential to understand and optimize catalyst assembly and function in industrial reactors. This Article presents an integrated approach to visualizing millimetre-sized extrudates and granules of a hierarchical MFI-type zeolite, displaying trimodal networks of micropores (0.56 nm), intracrystalline mesopores (∼10 nm) and macropores (∼200–300 nm). As exemplified for the conversion of methanol to olefins, the hierarchical zeolite yields a superior performance compared to its conventional analogue. The combination of dedicated specimen preparation with state-of-the-art optical, X-ray and electron-based microscopic and tomographic techniques proves a powerful methodology to reveal otherwise inaccessible information regarding structural organization over the whole range of length scales. It is expected that these tools will play a crucial role in the rationalization of scale-up principles in catalyst development.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (project no. 200021-134572). The authors thank N. Marti (Zeochem AG) for assistance with zeolite synthesis and shaping, and the TOMCAT beamline team (Swiss Light Source), in particular R. Mokso, for measurement support. Thanks also go to the Electron Microscopy Center ETH Zürich (EMEZ), and especially R. Wepf, E. Müller, M. Günthert, M. Lucas and A.G. Bittermann, for help with specimen preparation for visualization studies. Micromeritics Instrument Corporation is acknowledged for collaboration with respect to porosity analysis, and BASF SE for testing the zeolite extrudates in MTO.
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J.P.R. conceived and coordinated all stages of this research. N.M. and S.M. contributed equally to sample preparation and characterization. K.K. performed all FIB-SEM experiments. J.P.R., S.M. and N.M. wrote the manuscript.
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Mitchell, S., Michels, NL., Kunze, K. et al. Visualization of hierarchically structured zeolite bodies from macro to nano length scales. Nature Chem 4, 825–831 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1403
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1403
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