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Nature Cell Biology 9, 734–736 (1 July 2007) | doi:10.1038/ncb0707-734

Threonine phosphorylation times bacterial secretion

Hemantha D. Kulasekara & Samuel I. Miller

Dedicated protein secretion by bacteria is required for the assembly of surface organelles and for the delivery of enzymes to the extracellular milieu. Many of these secreted substrates are essential for bacterial virulence for plants and animals because the secreted proteins and their surface structures often interact with host cells and modify host-cell processes.