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Visvader and Clevers discuss how stem cells from different tissues, such as the intestine, mammary gland and skeletal muscle, follow different strategies and hierarchies to maintain their complex, tissue-specific balance.
A powerful combination of cell labelling, genetic tools and rapid imaging techniques in vivo has now led to a high-resolution description of lumen formation during angiogenesis in zebrafish. The study reveals a haemodynamic-force-driven and myosin-II-dependent cellular mechanism (termed inverse membrane blebbing) as the basis for lumen expansion in unicellular and multicellular angiogenic sprouts.
Primary cilia are cellular structures that have important functions in development and disease. The suppression of multiciliate differentiation of choroid plexus precursors, and maintenance of a single primary cilium by Notch1, is now shown to be involved in choroid plexus tumour formation.
Graf and colleagues find that B cells exposed to a pulse of C/EBPα and the Yamanaka factors convert into elite-type cells that rapidly and efficiently reprogram into iPSCs, in a process that involves upregulation of Lsd1, Brd4 and Klf4.
Using mathematical simulations and a FRET tension sensor inserted into the microtubule-binding complex Ndc80, Suzuki and colleagues obtain insights into how force is generated at the budding yeast kinetochore.
Centrioles are formed from a nine-fold symmetric cartwheel structure. Using mutants of the cartwheel protein SAS-6, which alters cartwheel symmetry, Hirono, Gönczy, Steinmetz and colleagues show that the microtubule wall also determines centriole shape.
Following autophagy induction, lysosomes move to the perinuclear region. Xu and colleagues delineate a pathway involving PtdIns(3,5)P2-mediated activation of the TRPML1 channel and the Ca2+ sensor ALG-2 in this process.
Zhao and colleagues model choroid plexus tumorigenesis in mice, and report that Notch-mediated suppression of multiciliate differentiation promotes tumour initiation from roof plate progenitor cells in response to epithelium-derived Shh signalling.
Liu et al. show that, in response to energy stress, the NBR2 long non-coding RNA binds AMPK and promotes its activity to reduce cancer cell proliferation. Conversely, loss of NBR2 inhibits AMPK, leading to mTOR activation and tumour growth.
Using live imaging of zebrafish angiogenesis, Gerhardt and colleagues observe blood-flow-regulated inverse membrane blebbing during lumen expansion, and show that actomyosin contractility is needed for both bleb retraction and lumen formation.
Vincent and colleagues show in Drosophila wing imaginal discs that the signalling molecule Wingless is synthesized and secreted at the apical surface, and is re-internalized to be transcytosed basally, where its signalling occurs.
