Abstract
Once programmed to acquire a specific identity and function, cells rarely change in vivo1. Neurons of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) in particular are a classic example of a stable, terminally differentiated cell type. With the exception of the adult neurogenic niches, where a limited set of neuronal subtypes continue to be generated throughout life2,3, CNS neurons are born only during embryonic and early postnatal development. Once generated, neurons become permanently post-mitotic and do not change their identity for the lifespan of the organism. Here, we have investigated whether excitatory neurons of the neocortex can be instructed to directly reprogram their identity post-mitotically from one subtype into another, in vivo. We show that embryonic and early postnatal callosal projection neurons of layer II/III can be post-mitotically lineage reprogrammed into layer-V/VI corticofugal projection neurons following expression of the transcription factor encoded by Fezf2. Reprogrammed callosal neurons acquire molecular properties of corticofugal projection neurons and change their axonal connectivity from interhemispheric, intracortical projections to corticofugal projections directed below the cortex. The data indicate that during a window of post-mitotic development neurons can change their identity, acquiring critical features of alternative neuronal lineages.
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Acknowledgements
We thank D. Melton, A. McMahon, J. Macklis, B. Molyneaux and E. Stronge for their advice and comments on the manuscript; C. Cepko (Harvard Medical School, USA), S. Arber (University of Basel, Switzerland), F. Zhang (MIT, USA) and Q. Lu (Beckman Research Institute, USA) for sharing of antibodies and expression vectors; M. M. Radji for help with data analysis; A. Merlino and Z. Trayes-Gibson for technical support; and C. Mare for schematic drawings. This work was supported by the US National Institute of Health (NS062849), the Spastic Paraplegia Foundation and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute to P.A.; C.R. was partially supported by a Milton-Safenowitz postdoctoral fellowship from the ALS Association.
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P.A. and C.R conceived the experiments and wrote the manuscript. P.A. supervised the project and C.R. executed all the experiments.
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Rouaux, C., Arlotta, P. Direct lineage reprogramming of post-mitotic callosal neurons into corticofugal neurons in vivo. Nat Cell Biol 15, 214–221 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2660
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2660
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