Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Perspective
  • Published:

Minimum information about a marker gene sequence (MIMARKS) and minimum information about any (x) sequence (MIxS) specifications

Abstract

Here we present a standard developed by the Genomic Standards Consortium (GSC) for reporting marker gene sequences—the minimum information about a marker gene sequence (MIMARKS). We also introduce a system for describing the environment from which a biological sample originates. The 'environmental packages' apply to any genome sequence of known origin and can be used in combination with MIMARKS and other GSC checklists. Finally, to establish a unified standard for describing sequence data and to provide a single point of entry for the scientific community to access and learn about GSC checklists, we present the minimum information about any (x) sequence (MIxS). Adoption of MIxS will enhance our ability to analyze natural genetic diversity documented by massive DNA sequencing efforts from myriad ecosystems in our ever-changing biosphere.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1: Schematic overview about the GSC MIxS standard (brown), including combination with specific environmental packages (blue).

Similar content being viewed by others

Accession codes

Accessions

Sequence Read Archive

References

  1. Field, D. et al. The minimum information about a genome sequence (MIGS) specification. Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 541–547 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Taylor, C.F. et al. Promoting coherent minimum reporting guidelines for biological and biomedical investigations: the MIBBI project. Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 889–896 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ludwig, W. & Schleifer, K.H. in Microbial Phylogeny and Evolution, Concepts and Controversies. (ed. Sapp, J.) 70–98 (Oxford University Press, New York, 2005).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ludwig, W. et al. Bacterial phylogeny based on comparative sequence analysis. Electrophoresis 19, 554–568 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Giovannoni, S.J., Britschgi, T.B., Moyer, C.L. & Field, K.G. Genetic diversity in Sargasso Sea bacterioplankton. Nature 345, 60–63 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Stahl, D.A. Analysis of hydrothermal vent associated symbionts by ribosomal RNA sequences. Science 224, 409–411 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ward, D.M., Weller, R. & Bateson, M.M. 16S rRNA sequences reveal numerous uncultured microorganisms in a natural community. Nature 345, 63–65 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. DeLong, E.F. Archaea in coastal marine environments. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5685–5689 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Diez, B., Pedros-Alio, C. & Massana, R. Study of genetic diversity of eukaryotic picoplankton in different oceanic regions by small-subunit rRNA gene cloning and sequencing. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 2932–2941 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Fuhrman, J.A., McCallum, K. & Davis, A.A. Novel major archaebacterial group from marine plankton. Nature 356, 148–149 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hewson, I. & Fuhrman, J.A. Richness and diversity of bacterioplankton species along an estuarine gradient in Moreton Bay, Australia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 3425–3433 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Huber, J.A., Butterfield, D.A. & Baross, J.A. Temporal changes in archaeal diversity and chemistry in a mid-ocean ridge subseafloor habitat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 1585–1594 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lopez-Garcia, P., Rodriguez-Valera, F., Pedros-Alio, C. & Moreira, D. Unexpected diversity of small eukaryotes in deep-sea Antarctic plankton. Nature 409, 603–607 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Moon-van der Staay, S.Y., De Wachter, R. & Vaulot, D. Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity. Nature 409, 607–610 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Pace, N.R. A molecular view of microbial diversity and the biosphere. Science 276, 734–740 (1997).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Rappe, M.S. & Giovannoni, S.J. The uncultured microbial majority. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 57, 369–394 (2003).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Francis, C.A., Beman, J.M. & Kuypers, M.M.M. New processes and players in the nitrogen cycle: the microbial ecology of anaerobic and archaeal ammonia oxidation. ISME J. 1, 19–27 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Zehr, J.P., Mellon, M.T. & Zani, S. New nitrogen-fixing microorganisms detected in oligotrophic oceans by amplification of nitrogenase (nifH) genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 3444–3450 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Minz, D. et al. Diversity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in oxic and anoxic regions of a microbial mat characterized by comparative analysis of dissimilatory sulfite reductase genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 4666–4671 (1999).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Gilbert, J.A. et al. The seasonal structure of microbial communities in the Western English Channel. Environ. Microbiol. 11, 3132–3139 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Martinez, A.W., Tyson, G. & DeLong, E.F. Widespread known and novel phosphonate utilization pathways in marine bacteria revealed by functional screening and metagenomic analyses. Environ. Microbiol. 12, 222–238 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Hanner, R. Data Standards for BARCODE Records in INSDC (BRIs) (Database Working Group, Consortium for the Barcode of Life, 2009). <http://www.barcodeoflife.org/sites/default/files/legacy/pdf/DWG_data_standards-Final.pdf>.

  23. Pruesse, E. et al. SILVA: a comprehensive online resource for quality checked and aligned ribosomal RNA sequence data compatible with ARB. Nucleic Acids Res. 35, 7188–7196 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cole, J.R. et al. The Ribosomal Database Project: improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 37, D141–D145 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Vogel, T.M. et al. TerraGenome: a consortium for the sequencing of a soil metagenome. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7, 252 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Turnbaugh, P.J. et al. The Human Microbiome Project. Nature 449, 804–810 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Benson, D.A. et al. GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, D25–D30 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hankeln, W. et al. MetaBar—a tool for consistent contextual data acquisition and standards compliant submission. BMC Bioinformatics 11, 358 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Rocca-Serra, P. et al. ISA infrastructure: supporting standards-compliant experimental reporting and enabling curation at the community level. Bioinformatics 26, 2354–2356 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kottmann, R. et al. A standard MIGS/MIMS compliant XML schema: toward the development of the Genomic Contextual Data Markup Language (GCDML). OMICS 12, 115–121 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Funding sources are listed in the Supplementary Note.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frank Oliver Glöckner.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Results 1

Community led surveys (PDF 783 kb)

Supplementary Results 2

MIMARKS checklist (XLS 176 kb)

Supplementary Results 3

MIMARKS compliant datasets (XLS 110 kb)

Supplementary Note

Funding sources (XLS 26 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yilmaz, P., Kottmann, R., Field, D. et al. Minimum information about a marker gene sequence (MIMARKS) and minimum information about any (x) sequence (MIxS) specifications. Nat Biotechnol 29, 415–420 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1823

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1823

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing: Translational Research

Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Translational Research newsletter — top stories in biotechnology, drug discovery and pharma.

Get what matters in translational research, free to your inbox weekly. Sign up for Nature Briefing: Translational Research