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How transcription activatorlike effectors (TALEs) bind DNA is unknown. A nuclear magnetic resonance structure of a single TALE repeat was used to model two DNA-bound TALEs, each comprising 13 repeats. Also shown are two FokI nuclease domains based on a crystal structure. Miller et al. use TALE nuclease fusions for genome targeting in human cells (p 143). Image credit: Jeffrey C. Miller, Sangamo Biosciences.
The Obama administration's hint at regulatory rollback may make stricter oversight of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing less inevitable, particularly as fresh evidence on consumer attitudes suggests buyers can handle the information.
With information on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico still coming in, more is being learned about the role of indigenous bacteria in cleaning the spill. Meanwhile, efforts are under way to enlist new genomic technologies to improve outcomes. Jeffrey L. Fox reports.
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Reflecting on the growth of bioinformatics over the past decade, the University of Pennsylvania's David Roos highlights the increasing diversity of large-scale data sets, changing paradigms for data release and the emergence of new career opportunities.
TALEs (transcription activator-like effectors) are transcription factors from the plant pathogen Xanthomonas that can be readily engineered to bind new DNA sequences of interest. Miller et al. use a truncated TALE linked to a nuclease domain to edit and regulate endogenous genes in human cells.
TALEs (transcription activator–like effectors) contain a large number of nearly identical repeats, which makes it difficult to synthesize new variants. Feng et al. describe a facile method for assembling TALEs and show TALEs' utility for activating expression of endogenous human genes.
Messenger RNA has received little attention as a potential therapeutic agent. Kormann et al. show that intramuscular injection of chemically modified erythropoietin mRNA substantially increases the hematocrit in mice and demonstrate the curative potential of pulmonary mRNA delivery in a mouse model of congenital surfactant protein B deficiency.
Ye et al. mimic a natural pathway for IgG transfer to deliver a vaccine across mucosal barriers. Intranasal immunization of mice with a fusion of a herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) antigen to an Fc fragment induces long-lasting protection after intravaginal challenge with HSV-2.
Synthetic biology requires methods for modular, scalable control of gene expression. Liu et al. show that unnatural amino acids can be used to regulate transcription and use the approach to create NOR and OR gates.