Article abstract
Nature Biotechnology 25, 1281 - 1289 (2007)
Published online: 28 October 2007 | doi:10.1038/nbt1354
Complete genome sequence of the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum
Susanne Schneiker1,17, Olena Perlova2,17, Olaf Kaiser1, Klaus Gerth3, Aysel Alici1, Matthias O Altmeyer2, Daniela Bartels4, Thomas Bekel4, Stefan Beyer3, Edna Bode2, Helge B Bode2, Christoph J Bolten5, Jomuna V Choudhuri4, Sabrina Doss6, Yasser A Elnakady2, Bettina Frank2, Lars Gaigalat1, Alexander Goesmann3, Carolin Groeger6, Frank Gross2, Lars Jelsbak7, Lotte Jelsbak8, Jörn Kalinowski4, Carsten Kegler2, Tina Knauber6, Sebastian Konietzny4, Maren Kopp2, Lutz Krause4, Daniel Krug2, Bukhard Linke4, Taifo Mahmud9, Rosa Martinez-Arias3, Alice C McHardy4, Michelle Merai2, Folker Meyer4, Sascha Mormann1, Jose Muñoz-Dorado10, Juana Perez10, Silke Pradella3, Shwan Rachid2, Günter Raddatz11, Frank Rosenau12, Christian Rückert1, Florenz Sasse3, Maren Scharfe3, Stephan C Schuster13, Garret Suen14, Anke Treuner-Lange6, Gregory J Velicer15, Frank-Jörg Vorhölter1, Kira J Weissman2, Roy D Welch14, Silke C Wenzel2, David E Whitworth16, Susanne Wilhelm12, Christoph Wittmann5, Helmut Blöcker3, Alfred Pühler1 & Rolf Müller2
Abstract
The genus Sorangium synthesizes approximately half of the secondary metabolites isolated from myxobacteria, including the anti-cancer metabolite epothilone. We report the complete genome sequence of the model Sorangium strain S. cellulosum So ce56, which produces several natural products and has morphological and physiological properties typical of the genus. The circular genome, comprising 13,033,779 base pairs, is the largest bacterial genome sequenced to date. No global synteny with the genome of Myxococcus xanthus is apparent, revealing an unanticipated level of divergence between these myxobacteria. A large percentage of the genome is devoted to regulation, particularly post-translational phosphorylation, which probably supports the strain's complex, social lifestyle. This regulatory network includes the highest number of eukaryotic protein kinase–like kinases discovered in any organism. Seventeen secondary metabolite loci are encoded in the genome, as well as many enzymes with potential utility in industry.
- Department of Genetics, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, PO Box 151150, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (formerly GBF – German Research Centre for Biotechnology), Inhoffenstra
e 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. - Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, PO Box 151150, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Infection Microbiology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507 USA.
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstr. 34, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Institute for Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Stetternicher Forst, D-52426 Jülich, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstr. 35, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA.
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
- These authors contributed equally to this work.
Correspondence to: Rolf Müller2 e-mail: rom@mx.uni-saarland.de
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