Nature Biotechnology 24, 848 - 851 (2006)
Published online: 25 June 2006; | doi:10.1038/nbt1220
Functional photoacoustic microscopy for high-resolution and noninvasive in vivo imagingHao F Zhang1, 3, Konstantin Maslov1, 3, George Stoica2
& Lihong V Wang11
Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3120 TAMU, College Station, Texas
77843-3120, USA. 2
Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
77843-5547, USA. 3
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Correspondence should be addressed to Lihong V Wang lwang@bme.tamu.edu Although optical absorption is strongly associated with the physiological status of biological tissue, existing high-resolution optical imaging modalities, including confocal microscopy1,
2, two-photon microscopy3,
4 and optical coherence tomography5, do not sense optical absorption directly. Furthermore, optical scattering prevents these methods from imaging deeper than  1 mm below the tissue surface. Here we report functional photoacoustic microscopy (fPAM), which provides multiwavelength imaging of optical absorption and permits high spatial resolution beyond this depth limit with a ratio of maximum imaging depth to depth resolution greater than 100. Reflection mode, rather than orthogonal or transmission mode, is adopted because it is applicable to more anatomical sites than the others. fPAM is demonstrated with in vivo imaging of angiogenesis, melanoma, hemoglobin oxygen saturation (sO2) of single vessels in animals and total hemoglobin concentration in humans.
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