Two major initiatives are under way to correct the -cell deficit of diabetes: one would generate -cells ex vivo that are suitable for transplantation, and the second would stimulate regeneration of -cells in the pancreas. Studies of ex vivo expansion suggest that -cells have a potential for dedifferentiation, expansion, and redifferentiation. Work with mouse and human embryonic stem (ES) cells has not yet produced cells with the phenotype of true -cells, but there has been recent progress in directing ES cells to endoderm. Putative islet stem/progenitor cells have been identified in mouse pancreas, and formation of new -cells from duct, acinar and liver cells is an active area of investigation. Peptides, including glucagon-like peptide-1/exendin-4 and the combination of epidermal growth factor and gastrin, can stimulate regeneration of -cells in vivo. Recent progress in the search for new sources of -cells has opened promising new opportunities and spawned clinical trials.
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-cells
-cell deficit of diabetes: one would generate 
