 | Box 3
Nature Biotechnology
18, 108 - 109 (2000)
doi:10.1038/71788
The Nature Biotechnology 2000 Millennial quizJohn Hodgson
&
Andrew Marshall | | | 
| Answers to quiz
1. (a) Corixa; (b) Rosetta Inpharmatics; (c) TerraGen Discovery; (d)
DuPont; (e) Valentis; (f) Therapeutic Antibodies; (g) Celltech; (h) Hoffmann-La
Roche; (i) Pharmacia & UpJohn; (j) Genzyme; (k) Epimmune.
2. Susan Polgar, womens' world chess champion.
3. (a) Eco-warriors claiming responsibility for trashing GM crops in
the USA; (b) Monsanto's "terminator" gene technology; (c) The
US Department of Agriculture, following a barrage of public responses to its
initial proposals that GM crops could be organic; (d) Prince Charles, heir
to the British throne, who declared Arpad Pusztai a national hero after he
fed poisonous potatoes to rats; (e) The Alliance for BioIntegrity, a collection
of biotechnology activists, religious leaders, consumer representatives, scientists,
and chefs; (f) PR virtuosos Monsanto.
4. 1925, the ultracentrifuge introduced by Svedberg; 1932, Kroll and
Ruska describe the electron microscope; 1933, Kluyer and Perquin introduce
shake flask culture; 1941−1944, Martin and Synge work on amino acid
chromatographic separation; 1949−1950, Sanger devises peptide sequencing;
1958, Stein, Moore, and Spackman describe automated protein sequencing; 1959−1960,
Yalow and Berson report the first radioimmunoassay; 1963, Merrifield accomplishes
oligopeptide synthesis; 1970, Baltimore and Temin isolate reverse transcriptase;
1971, Rony develops the hollow fiber enzyme reactor; 1972, Berg carries out
first recombinant DNA experiments; 1972, Khorana introduces the oligonucleotide
synthesis method; 1975, Kohler and Milstein produce monoclonal antibodies;
1975, O'Farrell devises 2-D electrophoresis of proteins; 1975, Southern demonstrates
DNA−DNA hybridization; 1977, Maxam, Gilbert, Sanger, Nicklen, and Schell
introduce oligonucleotide sequencing; 1981, Brinster and Palmiter create transgenic
animals via microinjection; 1983, Montagu and Schell isolate Ti plasmid; 1983,
Mullis "invents" PCR; 1984, Cantor describes pulsed field gel
electrophoresis; 1987, Olson creates yeast artificial chromosomes.
5. An artificial ribozyme targeted to the nucleolus comprising a hammerhead
ribozyme fused to small nucleolar RNA.
6. 1990 (g); 1991 (c); 1992 (d); 1993 (i); 1994 (e); 1995 (f); 1996
(h); 1997 (a); 1998 (j); 1999 (b).
7. Affymetrix ($90 M) 1996 (c); Spiros ($88 M) 1997 (j); Chiroscience
($76 M) 1994 (f); BioMarin ($67 M) 1999 (d); Nanogen ($64 M) 1998 (h); Cephalon
($60 M) 1991 (a); Myriad ($46 M) 1995 (g); Neurex ($16.3 M) 1993 (i); Cantab
($10 M) 1992 (e); Interneuron Pharmaceuticals ($9.3 M) 1990 (b).
8. (a) Cell; (b) anti; (c) tek; (d) tex; (e) digm;
9. Biology (1800), Karl Friederich Burdach; Protein (1838), Gerardus
Johannes Mulder; Bacterium (1872), Ferdinand Julius Cohn; Enzyme (1877), Wilhelm
Friedrich Kühne; Cytoplasm (1882), Eduard Strasburger; Chromosome (1888),
Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried Waldeyer; Photosynthesis (1898), Charles Reid Barnes;
Biochemistry (1903), Carl Neuberg; Hormone (1905), Ernest Henry Starling;
Gene, genotype and phenotype (1909), Wilhelm Johannsen; Vitamin (actually
"vitamine" 1911), Casimir Funk; Bacteriophage (1917), Felix Hubert
d'Herelle; Biotechnology (1919), Karl Ereky; Molecular biology (1938), Warren
Weaver; Antibiotic (1941), Selman Abraham Waksman; Genetic engineering (1963),
Edward Lawrie Tatum; Biolistics (1984), John Sanford.
10. A glow-in-the-dark green dog envisaged by artist, Eduardo Kac.
11. ~965−1038, Ali Al-hazen, expert on optics; 1170−1250,
Leonardo Pisano (Fibonacci), a mathematician whose number series is eminently
relevant to biology; ~1219−1292, Roger Bacon who set the basis of empiricism;
~1285−1349, William of Ockham, who enunciated Ockham's Razor, which
Tina Turner restated as "Simply the Best"; 1323−1382, Nicole
d'Oresme, who invented coordinate geometry before Descartes; 1452−1524
Leonardo da Vinci Polymath inventor and artist; ~1478−1553, Hieronymus
Francastorius who wrote "On Contagion", the first book on contagious
infection; 1516−1565, Konrad Gesner, naturalist and taxonomist; 1561−1626,
Francis Bacon who conceived the notion of the "crucial experiment";
1632−1723, Antony van Leeuwenhoek, microscopist; 1707−1778, Carolus
Linnaeus, classifier and taxonomist; 1737−1798, Luigi Galvani, discoverer
of animal electricity; 1803—1873, Justus von Leibig, organic chemist;
1822−1895, Louis Pasteur, chemist and microbiologist; 1891-1970, Alfred
Henry Sturtevant, pioneer genetic mapper; 1916− Francis Crick, elucidator
of DNA structure.
12. (a) Sydney Brenner; (b) Matthew Meselson; (c) Jacques Monod; (d)
Walter Gilbert (e); Leech means "healer" is also the source of
hirudin; (f) 1977: Genentech was founded and smallpox was confounded; (g)
Cistron [Biotechnology]; (h) Haemophilus influenzae; Pfeiffer and Kitasato
isolated it, TIGR sequenced it.
13. C is for Erwin Chargaff; G is for Fredrick Griffiths; T is for Alexander
Todd; A is for Oswald Avery.
14. (a) Gerty Theresa Cori; (b) Dorothy Hodgkin; (c) Barbara McClintock;
(d) Rita Levi-Montalcini; (e) Gertrude Elion; (f) Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
15. (a) William Astbury made the first X-ray crystallography study of
DNA in 1938; Cumming Rose discovered threonine only three years before; (b)
It was not until 1956, three years after Watson and Crick did their stuff,
that Joe-Hin Tjio and Johan Albert Levan revised a 1898 estimate of the human
chromosome count down from 24 pairs to 23 pairs; (c) Eli Lilly's Humulin was
approved in the US in 1982, whereas the insulin receptor was sequenced three
years later.
|
| | | |  |
|
