Even though the key mechanisms and molecules involved in the biogenesis of small non-protein encoding RNAs and their role in regulating gene expression and genome stability are just beginning to be unraveled, RNA interference has already been widely adopted as a powerful approach for experimental knockdown of gene expression. A wide group of researchers working in RNA interference, X–chromosome inactivation and naturally occurring antisense transcripts will look at our current understanding of the mechanisms of action and biogenesis of small regulatory RNAs and how this is being applied to create a new generation of therapeutics and diagnostics.

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