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An absence of neutrinos associated with cosmic-ray acceleration in γ-ray bursts

Nature volume 484, pages 351–354 (2012)Cite this article

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Abstract

Very energetic astrophysical events are required to accelerate cosmic rays to above 1018 electronvolts. GRBs (γ-ray bursts) have been proposed as possible candidate sources1,2,3. In the GRB ‘fireball’ model, cosmic-ray acceleration should be accompanied by neutrinos produced in the decay of charged pions created in interactions between the high-energy cosmic-ray protons and γ-rays4. Previous searches for such neutrinos found none, but the constraints were weak because the sensitivity was at best approximately equal to the predicted flux5,6,7. Here we report an upper limit on the flux of energetic neutrinos associated with GRBs that is at least a factor of 3.7 below the predictions4,8,9,10. This implies either that GRBs are not the only sources of cosmic rays with energies exceeding 1018 electronvolts or that the efficiency of neutrino production is much lower than has been predicted.

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Figure 1: Comparison of results to predictions based on observed γ-ray spectra.
Figure 2: Upper limits on E −2 power-law muon neutrino fluxes.
Figure 3: Compatibility of some neutrino flux predictions based on cosmic ray production in GRBs with observations.
Figure 4: Constraints on fireball parameters.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge support from the following agencies: US NSF, Office of Polar Programs, and US NSF, Physics Division; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; the GLOW and OSG grids; US DOE, NERSCC; the LONI grid; NSERC, Canada; Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, SNIC, K. and A. Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; German Ministry for Education and Research, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Research Department of Plasmas with Complex Interactions (Bochum), Germany; FSR, FWO Odysseus, IWT, BELSPO, Belgium; University of Oxford, UK; Marsden Fund, New Zealand; Australian Research Council; JSPS, Japan; SNSF, Switzerland. J.P.R was supported by the Capes Foundation, Brazil; N.W. by the NSF GRFP. We thank S. Hümmer, E. Waxman and W. Winter for discussions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53706, Wisconsin, USA

    R. Abbasi, M. Ahlers, K. Andeen, J. Auffenberg, M. Baker, S. BenZvi, D. Chirkin, P. Desiati, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, J. P. Dumm, J. Eisch, O. Fadiran, J. Feintzeig, L. Gladstone, S. Grullon, F. Halzen, K. Hoshina, J. Jacobsen, A. Karle, M. Krasberg, N. Kurahashi, H. Landsman, R. Maruyama, M. Merck, R. Morse, A. O’Murchadha, B. Riedel, J. P. Rodrigues, M. Santander, S. Toscano, J. van Santen, Ch. Weaver, C. Wendt, S. Westerhoff & N. Whitehorn

  2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.,

    Y. Abdou, M. Carson, F. Descamps, G. de Vries-Uiterweerd, T. Feusels, A. Haj Ismail, D. Ryckbosch & A. Van Overloop

  3. Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, 54022, Wisconsin, USA

    T. Abu-Zayyad, J. Madsen & G. M. Spiczak

  4. DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany

    M. Ackermann, J. L. Bazo Alba, M. L. Benabderrahmane, J. Berdermann, E. Bernardini, A. H. Cruz Silva, R. Franke, T. Glüsenkamp, D. Góra, K. Han, E. Jacobi, F. Kislat, R. Lauer, E. Middell, R. Nahnhauer, A. Schönwald, C. Spiering, A. Stößl, D. Tosi, M. Walter, R. Wischnewski & J. P. Yanez

  5. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.,

    J. Adams, A. M. Brown & S. Hickford

  6. Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.,

    J. A. Aguilar & T. Montaruli

  7. III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.,

    D. Altmann, M. Bissok, J. Blumenthal, D. J. Boersma, S. Euler, D. Heinen, B. Hoffmann, J.-P. Hülβ, K. Laihem, L. Paul, A. Schukraft, M. Schunck, M. Vehring, M. Wallraff & C. H. Wiebusch

  8. Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, 19716, Delaware, USA

    X. Bai, P. Berghaus, P. A. Evenson, T. K. Gaisser, S. Hussain, T. Kuwabara, B. Ruzybayev, D. Seckel, T. Stanev, A. Tamburro, S. Tilav & C. Xu

  9. Department of Physics, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, 57701, South Dakota, USA

    X. Bai

  10. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, 92697, California, USA

    S. W. Barwick, J. W. Nam, A. Silvestri & G. Yodh

  11. Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA

    R. Bay, M. V. D’Agostino, K. Filimonov, L. Gerhardt, C. Ha, S. R. Klein, S. Miarecki, P. B. Price & K. Woschnagg

  12. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA

    K. Beattie, L. Gerhardt, A. Goldschmidt, C. Ha, S. R. Klein, H. S. Matis, S. Miarecki, D. R. Nygren, G. T. Przybylski, T. Stezelberger & R. G. Stokstad

  13. Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, Ohio, USA

    J. J. Beatty, J. C. Davis, C. Rott & M. Stamatikos

  14. Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, Ohio, USA

    J. J. Beatty

  15. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.,

    S. Bechet, D. Bertrand, M. Dierckxsens, K. Hanson, D. Heereman, A. Marotta & T. Meures

  16. Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780, Bochum, Germany

    J. K. Becker, J. Dreyer, A. Fedynitch, M. Olivo & S. Schöneberg

  17. Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119, Wuppertal, Germany

    K.-H. Becker, D. Bindig, T. Fischer-Wasels, M. Gurtner, K. Helbing, T. Karg, S. Kopper, U. Naumann, J. Posselt, A. Schultes & B. Semburg

  18. Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, Pennsylvania, USA

    M. Bell, K. S. Caballero-Mora, D. F. Cowen, T. DeYoung, M. Dunkman, D. J. Koskinen, M. J. Larson, P. Mészáros, D. Rutledge, M. W. E. Smith & R. Wasserman

  19. Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, Maryland, USA

    D. Berley, E. Blaufuss, B. Christy, R. W. Ellsworth, J. A. Goodman, R. Hellauer, K. D. Hoffman, W. Huelsnitz, K. Meagher, A. Olivas, P. Redl, M. Richman, T. Schmidt, G. W. Sullivan & H. Wissing

  20. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 66045, Kansas, USA

    D. Z. Besson

  21. Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,

    C. Bohm, M. Danninger, C. Finley, S. Flis, P. O. Hulth, K. Hultqvist, H. Johansson, S. H. Seo, C. Walck, M. Wolf & M. Zoll

  22. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.,

    D. Bose, L. Brayeur, S. Buitink, M. Casier, C. De Clercq, J. Kunnen, M. Labare, A. Rizzo, E. A. Strahler & N. van Eijndhoven

  23. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.,

    S. Böser, T. Degner, A. Franckowiak, A. Homeier, M. Kowalski, S. Panknin, L. Schulte, M. Stüer & M. Voge

  24. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.,

    O. Botner, O. Engdegård, A. Hallgren, J. Miller, C. Pérez de los Heros, R. Ström & H. Taavola

  25. Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.,

    F. Clevermann, J.-H. Köhne, N. Milke, D. Pieloth, W. Rhode & T. Ruhe

  26. Laboratory for High Energy Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,

    S. Cohen & M. Ribordy

  27. Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D-69177 Heidelberg, Germany.,

    C. Colnard, A. Groß, S. Odrowski, E. Resconi, O. Schulz & Y. Sestayo

  28. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, Pennsylvania, USA

    D. F. Cowen, P. Mészáros & S. M. Movit

  29. School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, Georgia, USA

    J. Daughhetee & I. Taboada

  30. Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, 70813, Louisiana, USA

    A. R. Fazely, S. Ter-Antonyan & X. W. Xu

  31. Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53706, Wisconsin, USA

    J. Gallagher

  32. Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G7.,

    D. Grant, S. C. Nowicki & T. R. Wood

  33. Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.,

    T. Griesel, L. Köpke, T. Kowarik, G. Kroll, J. Lünemann, A. Piegsa, F. Rothmaier, H.-G. Sander, K. Schatto & K. Wiebe

  34. School of Chemistry & Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, South Australia, Australia

    G. C. Hill

  35. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87545, New Mexico, USA

    W. Huelsnitz

  36. Department of Physics, Chiba University, 263-8522, Chiba, Japan

    A. Ishihara, K. Mase & S. Yoshida

  37. CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, 30314, Georgia, USA

    G. S. Japaridze

  38. Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.,

    A. Kappes, H. Kolanoski & T. Waldenmaier

  39. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794-3800, New York, USA

    J. Kiryluk

  40. Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium.,

    G. Kohnen

  41. Dipartimento di Fisica, Sezione INFN, I-70126, Bari, Italy.,

    T. Montaruli

  42. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, 99508, Alaska, USA

    K. Rawlins

  43. Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.,

    E. Resconi & O. Schulz

  44. Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, UK.,

    S. Sarkar

  45. Department of Physics, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados.,

    S. Seunarine

  46. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.,

    M. Stamatikos

  47. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 35487, Alabama, USA

    P. A. Toale, D. R. Williams, D. L. Xu & P. Zarzhitsky

Consortia

IceCube Collaboration

  • R. Abbasi
  • , Y. Abdou
  • , T. Abu-Zayyad
  • , M. Ackermann
  • , J. Adams
  • , J. A. Aguilar
  • , M. Ahlers
  • , D. Altmann
  • , K. Andeen
  • , J. Auffenberg
  • , X. Bai
  • , M. Baker
  • , S. W. Barwick
  • , R. Bay
  • , J. L. Bazo Alba
  • , K. Beattie
  • , J. J. Beatty
  • , S. Bechet
  • , J. K. Becker
  • , K.-H. Becker
  • , M. Bell
  • , M. L. Benabderrahmane
  • , S. BenZvi
  • , J. Berdermann
  • , P. Berghaus
  • , D. Berley
  • , E. Bernardini
  • , D. Bertrand
  • , D. Z. Besson
  • , D. Bindig
  • , M. Bissok
  • , E. Blaufuss
  • , J. Blumenthal
  • , D. J. Boersma
  • , C. Bohm
  • , D. Bose
  • , S. Böser
  • , O. Botner
  • , L. Brayeur
  • , A. M. Brown
  • , S. Buitink
  • , K. S. Caballero-Mora
  • , M. Carson
  • , M. Casier
  • , D. Chirkin
  • , B. Christy
  • , F. Clevermann
  • , S. Cohen
  • , C. Colnard
  • , D. F. Cowen
  • , A. H. Cruz Silva
  • , M. V. D’Agostino
  • , M. Danninger
  • , J. Daughhetee
  • , J. C. Davis
  • , C. De Clercq
  • , T. Degner
  • , F. Descamps
  • , P. Desiati
  • , G. de Vries-Uiterweerd
  • , T. DeYoung
  • , J. C. Díaz-Vélez
  • , M. Dierckxsens
  • , J. Dreyer
  • , J. P. Dumm
  • , M. Dunkman
  • , J. Eisch
  • , R. W. Ellsworth
  • , O. Engdegård
  • , S. Euler
  • , P. A. Evenson
  • , O. Fadiran
  • , A. R. Fazely
  • , A. Fedynitch
  • , J. Feintzeig
  • , T. Feusels
  • , K. Filimonov
  • , C. Finley
  • , T. Fischer-Wasels
  • , S. Flis
  • , A. Franckowiak
  • , R. Franke
  • , T. K. Gaisser
  • , J. Gallagher
  • , L. Gerhardt
  • , L. Gladstone
  • , T. Glüsenkamp
  • , A. Goldschmidt
  • , J. A. Goodman
  • , D. Góra
  • , D. Grant
  • , T. Griesel
  • , A. Groß
  • , S. Grullon
  • , M. Gurtner
  • , C. Ha
  • , A. Haj Ismail
  • , A. Hallgren
  • , F. Halzen
  • , K. Han
  • , K. Hanson
  • , D. Heereman
  • , D. Heinen
  • , K. Helbing
  • , R. Hellauer
  • , S. Hickford
  • , G. C. Hill
  • , K. D. Hoffman
  • , B. Hoffmann
  • , A. Homeier
  • , K. Hoshina
  • , W. Huelsnitz
  • , J.-P. Hülβ
  • , P. O. Hulth
  • , K. Hultqvist
  • , S. Hussain
  • , A. Ishihara
  • , E. Jacobi
  • , J. Jacobsen
  • , G. S. Japaridze
  • , H. Johansson
  • , A. Kappes
  • , T. Karg
  • , A. Karle
  • , J. Kiryluk
  • , F. Kislat
  • , S. R. Klein
  • , J.-H. Köhne
  • , G. Kohnen
  • , H. Kolanoski
  • , L. Köpke
  • , S. Kopper
  • , D. J. Koskinen
  • , M. Kowalski
  • , T. Kowarik
  • , M. Krasberg
  • , G. Kroll
  • , J. Kunnen
  • , N. Kurahashi
  • , T. Kuwabara
  • , M. Labare
  • , K. Laihem
  • , H. Landsman
  • , M. J. Larson
  • , R. Lauer
  • , J. Lünemann
  • , J. Madsen
  • , A. Marotta
  • , R. Maruyama
  • , K. Mase
  • , H. S. Matis
  • , K. Meagher
  • , M. Merck
  • , P. Mészáros
  • , T. Meures
  • , S. Miarecki
  • , E. Middell
  • , N. Milke
  • , J. Miller
  • , T. Montaruli
  • , R. Morse
  • , S. M. Movit
  • , R. Nahnhauer
  • , J. W. Nam
  • , U. Naumann
  • , S. C. Nowicki
  • , D. R. Nygren
  • , S. Odrowski
  • , A. Olivas
  • , M. Olivo
  • , A. O’Murchadha
  • , S. Panknin
  • , L. Paul
  • , C. Pérez de los Heros
  • , A. Piegsa
  • , D. Pieloth
  • , J. Posselt
  • , P. B. Price
  • , G. T. Przybylski
  • , K. Rawlins
  • , P. Redl
  • , E. Resconi
  • , W. Rhode
  • , M. Ribordy
  • , M. Richman
  • , B. Riedel
  • , A. Rizzo
  • , J. P. Rodrigues
  • , F. Rothmaier
  • , C. Rott
  • , T. Ruhe
  • , D. Rutledge
  • , B. Ruzybayev
  • , D. Ryckbosch
  • , H.-G. Sander
  • , M. Santander
  • , S. Sarkar
  • , K. Schatto
  • , T. Schmidt
  • , S. Schöneberg
  • , A. Schönwald
  • , A. Schukraft
  • , L. Schulte
  • , A. Schultes
  • , O. Schulz
  • , M. Schunck
  • , D. Seckel
  • , B. Semburg
  • , S. H. Seo
  • , Y. Sestayo
  • , S. Seunarine
  • , A. Silvestri
  • , M. W. E. Smith
  • , G. M. Spiczak
  • , C. Spiering
  • , M. Stamatikos
  • , T. Stanev
  • , T. Stezelberger
  • , R. G. Stokstad
  • , A. Stößl
  • , E. A. Strahler
  • , R. Ström
  • , M. Stüer
  • , G. W. Sullivan
  • , H. Taavola
  • , I. Taboada
  • , A. Tamburro
  • , S. Ter-Antonyan
  • , S. Tilav
  • , P. A. Toale
  • , S. Toscano
  • , D. Tosi
  • , N. van Eijndhoven
  • , A. Van Overloop
  • , J. van Santen
  • , M. Vehring
  • , M. Voge
  • , C. Walck
  • , T. Waldenmaier
  • , M. Wallraff
  • , M. Walter
  • , R. Wasserman
  • , Ch. Weaver
  • , C. Wendt
  • , S. Westerhoff
  • , N. Whitehorn
  • , K. Wiebe
  • , C. H. Wiebusch
  • , D. R. Williams
  • , R. Wischnewski
  • , H. Wissing
  • , M. Wolf
  • , T. R. Wood
  • , K. Woschnagg
  • , C. Xu
  • , D. L. Xu
  • , X. W. Xu
  • , J. P. Yanez
  • , G. Yodh
  • , S. Yoshida
  • , P. Zarzhitsky
  •  & M. Zoll

Contributions

The IceCube observatory was designed and constructed by the IceCube Collaboration and the IceCube Project. It is operated by the IceCube Collaboration, who set science goals. Data processing and calibration, Monte Carlo simulations of the detector and of theoretical models, and data analyses were performed by a large number of IceCube members who also discussed and approved the scientific results. This manuscript was written by P.R. and N.W. and subjected to an internal collaboration-wide review process. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to P. Redl or N. Whitehorn.

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The author declare no competing financial interests.

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IceCube Collaboration. An absence of neutrinos associated with cosmic-ray acceleration in γ-ray bursts. Nature 484, 351–354 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11068

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