Table of contents
Volume 457 Number 7229 pp511-628
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Editorials
An appeal to President Ahmadinejad p511
The conviction of two Iranian AIDS physicians violates international norms of justice and threatens to undermine collaborations between Iranian scientists and their colleagues elsewhere.
doi:10.1038/457511a
Science restored p511
Obama's pledge to set US science in its rightful place requires a dose of reality from researchers.
doi:10.1038/457511b
A responsibility index p512
How to evaluate a nation's scientific integrity.
doi:10.1038/457512a
Research Highlights
Ecology: Waning woods p514
doi:10.1038/457514a
Environment: The case for clean air p514
doi:10.1038/457514b
Biogeography: On jaws and geography p514
doi:10.1038/457514c
Oceanography: Rogue waves p514
doi:10.1038/457514d
Analytical chemistry: A cheap nose for TNT p514
doi:10.1038/457514e
Atmospheric science: Dust devilry p514
doi:10.1038/457514f
Quantum physics: Beam Yb up p515
doi:10.1038/457515a
Behaviour: Marmo-what? p515
doi:10.1038/457515b
Animal acoustics: This whale goes to 11 p515
doi:10.1038/457515c
Geoscience: Tell-tale ooze p515
doi:10.1038/457515d
News
Stem cells ready for prime time p516
US regulatory agency gives the go-ahead for first clinical trials of a human embryonic stem-cell treatment.
Meredith Wadman
doi:10.1038/457516a
Laser facility flickers into life p517
US nuclear-fusion project prepares to mimic the Sun.
Eric Hand
doi:10.1038/457517a
Iranian AIDS doctors' trial draws condemnation p517
Prison sentence threatens to undermine scientific cooperation.
Declan Butler
doi:10.1038/457517b
Cutting out the chemicals p518
The international treaty drawn up to tackle ozone-destroying substances is gearing up to curb greenhouse gases. Jeff Tollefson reports.
Jeff Tollefson
doi:10.1038/457518a
Pfizer to buy Wyeth in $68-billion deal p520
Drug giant chases stake in biologics.
Heidi Ledford
doi:10.1038/457520a
Ocean fertilization: dead in the water? p520
Study casts doubt on iron-induced carbon sequestration.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/457520b
Science adviser should show his independence, says report p521
John Beddington under fire for defending government policy.
Natasha Gilbert
doi:10.1038/457521a
China targets top talent from overseas p522
Package aims to entice high-flyers back home.
Jane Qiu
doi:10.1038/457522a
Obama swiftly reverses Bush orders p523
doi:10.1038/457523a
Greenhouse-gas satellite heads into orbit p523
doi:10.1038/457523b
Pig farmer infected with Ebola virus p523
doi:10.1038/457523c
Europe's research activity lags behind its competitors' p523
doi:10.1038/457523d
US agencies under scrutiny over high-risk programmes p523
doi:10.1038/457523e
Tanzanian toad makes a colourful debut p523
doi:10.1038/457523f
Correction p523
doi:10.1038/457523g
News Features
Neuroscience: Making connections p524
By turning neurons technicolour, Jeff Lichtman exposed the brain's wiring. Jonah Lehrer meets the 'unapologetic cell biologist' with ambitions to map every connection in the human brain.
doi:10.1038/457524a
Behavioural science: Secret signals p528
Are people's interactions driven by a primitive, non-linguistic type of communication? Mark Buchanan looks at how modern technology can reveal the basis of our powers of persuasion.
doi:10.1038/457528a
Correspondence
Risks and benefits may turn out to be finely balanced p532
Simon J. Williams & Paul Martin
doi:10.1038/457532a
Much ado about cognitive enhancement p532
João Ricardo Oliveira
doi:10.1038/457532b
A medical view of potential adverse effects p532
Anjan Chatterjee
doi:10.1038/457532c
Recall of learned information may rely on taking drug again p533
Alice M. Young & Francis C. Colpaert
doi:10.1038/457533a
Patterns of drug use have varied throughout history p533
Don Burnap
doi:10.1038/457533b
Careful use helps me do better research, and society benefits p533
doi:10.1038/457533c
Enhancement means a broader role for physicians p533
doi:10.1038/457533d
Commentary
Pruning the regulatory tree p534
For human-subjects research, maximum regulation does not mean maximum protection. Stop regulating minimal risk research, say Scott Kim, Peter Ubel and Raymond De Vries.
doi:10.1038/457534a
Essay
Accelerating production of medical isotopes p536
The global problem of a safe and reliable supply of radioactive isotopes for use in critical hospital procedures can be solved with accelerators, not nuclear reactors, says Thomas Ruth.
Thomas Ruth
doi:10.1038/457536a
Books and Arts
Old bones unearth a new passion p538
Palaeontology in China has been invigorated by highly organized efforts to dig up bones for use in traditional Chinese medicine, explains Xu Xing.
Xu Xing reviews The People's Peking Man: Popular Science and Human Identity in Twentieth-Century China by Sigrid Schmalzer
doi:10.1038/457538a
Thinking outside the box p539
Melvyn Goodale reviews Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension by Andy Clark
doi:10.1038/457539a
Can robots have a conscience? p540
Peter Danielson reviews Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong by Wendell Wallach & Colin Allen
doi:10.1038/457540a
The art of laboratory design p541
Can visual arts stimulate creativity in the science laboratory? A new biochemistry building for the University of Oxford might provide the answer, finds Georgina Ferry.
Georgina Ferry
doi:10.1038/457541a
News and Views
Evolutionary genomics: A positive becomes a negative p543
Which human genes have been hotspots for positive selection? Analyses of the top candidates reveal, not genes subject to such selection, but genes that have probably been subject to biased DNA repair.
Laurence D. Hurst
doi:10.1038/457543a
Immunology: Natural killer cells remember p544
Cells of the adaptive immune system hold a grudge: on re-encountering a pathogen, they show a robust protective response. It seems that natural killer cells of the innate immune system might also have this ability.
Sophie Ugolini & Eric Vivier
doi:10.1038/457544a
See also: Editor's summary
Condensed-matter physics: The pnictide code p546
Hopes are that the emergent family of iron-based superconductors, the pnictides, could act as a Rosetta stone in decoding the two-decade mystery of superconductivity observed at high temperatures.
Jan Zaanen
doi:10.1038/457546a
See also: Editor's summary
50 & 100 years ago p546
doi:10.1038/457546b
Plant genomics: Sorghum in sequence p547
The drought tolerance of sorghum is just one of the features that make it a valuable crop plant. There is much for agronomists to learn from the complete genome sequence of this type of grass.
Takuji Sasaki & Baltazar A. Antonio
doi:10.1038/457547a
See also: Editor's summary
Organic chemistry: Chlorine lends a helping hand p548
The development of synthetic routes to unusual and complex molecules frequently leads to surprising lessons about chemical reactivity. The first synthesis of a marine toxin provides just such a lesson.
D. Karl Bedke & Christopher D. Vanderwal
doi:10.1038/457548a
See also: Editor's summary
Evolutionary genetics: Origins of reproductive isolation p549
A rare example of gene incompatibility between two species of budding yeast has been found. This discovery of elusive 'speciation' genes adds to other reproductive-isolation mechanisms operating in yeasts.
Edward J. Louis
doi:10.1038/457549a
Articles
The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses p551
Andrew H. Paterson, John E. Bowers, Rémy Bruggmann, Inna Dubchak, Jane Grimwood, Heidrun Gundlach, Georg Haberer, Uffe Hellsten, Therese Mitros, Alexander Poliakov, Jeremy Schmutz, Manuel Spannagl, Haibao Tang, Xiyin Wang, Thomas Wicker, Arvind K. Bharti, Jarrod Chapman, F. Alex Feltus, Udo Gowik, Igor V. Grigoriev, Eric Lyons, Christopher A. Maher, Mihaela Martis, Apurva Narechania, Robert P. Otillar, Bryan W. Penning, Asaf A. Salamov, Yu Wang, Lifang Zhang, Nicholas C. Carpita, Michael Freeling, Alan R. Gingle, C. Thomas Hash, Beat Keller, Patricia Klein, Stephen Kresovich, Maureen C. McCann, Ray Ming, Daniel G. Peterson, Mehboob-ur-Rahman, Doreen Ware, Peter Westhoff, Klaus F. X. Mayer, Joachim Messing & Daniel S. Rokhsar
doi:10.1038/nature07723
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (1,106K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Sasaki & Antonio
Adaptive immune features of natural killer cells p557
Joseph C. Sun, Joshua N. Beilke & Lewis L. Lanier
doi:10.1038/nature07665
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (425K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Ugolini & Vivier
Letters
Rapid heating of the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet p562
Gregory Laughlin, Drake Deming, Jonathan Langton, Daniel Kasen, Steve Vogt, Paul Butler, Eugenio Rivera & Stefano Meschiari
doi:10.1038/nature07649
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (579K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
Nearly isotropic superconductivity in (Ba,K)Fe2As2 p565
H. Q. Yuan, J. Singleton, F. F. Balakirev, S. A. Baily, G. F. Chen, J. L. Luo & N. L. Wang
doi:10.1038/nature07676
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (539K)
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Zaanen
(
, ) electronic order in iron arsenide superconductors p569
V. B. Zabolotnyy, D. S. Inosov, D. V. Evtushinsky, A. Koitzsch, A. A. Kordyuk, G. L. Sun, J. T. Park, D. Haug, V. Hinkov, A. V. Boris, C. T. Lin, M. Knupfer, A. N. Yaresko, B. Büchner, A. Varykhalov, R. Follath & S. V. Borisenko
doi:10.1038/nature07714
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (495K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Zaanen
Total synthesis of a chlorosulpholipid cytotoxin associated with seafood poisoning p573
Christian Nilewski, Roger W. Geisser & Erick M. Carreira
doi:10.1038/nature07734
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (206K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Bedke & Vanderwal
Southern Ocean deep-water carbon export enhanced by natural iron fertilization p577
Raymond T. Pollard, Ian Salter, Richard J. Sanders, Mike I. Lucas, C. Mark Moore, Rachel A. Mills, Peter J. Statham, John T. Allen, Alex R. Baker, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Matthew A. Charette, Sophie Fielding, Gary R. Fones, Megan French, Anna E. Hickman, Ross J. Holland, J. Alan Hughes, Timothy D. Jickells, Richard S. Lampitt, Paul J. Morris, Florence H. Nédélec, Maria Nielsdóttir, Hélène Planquette, Ekaterina E. Popova, Alex J. Poulton, Jane F. Read, Sophie Seeyave, Tania Smith, Mark Stinchcombe, Sarah Taylor, Sandy Thomalla, Hugh J. Venables, Robert Williamson & Mike V. Zubkov
doi:10.1038/nature07716
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (1,243K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
Detoxification of sulphidic African shelf waters by blooming chemolithotrophs p581
Gaute Lavik,
Torben Stührmann,
Volker Brüchert,
Anja Van der Plas,
Volker Mohrholz,
Phyllis Lam,
Marc Mu
mann,
Bernhard M. Fuchs,
Rudolf Amann,
Ulrich Lass
&
Marcel M. M. Kuypers
doi:10.1038/nature07588
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (540K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
Allergenicity resulting from functional mimicry of a Toll-like receptor complex protein p585
Aurelien Trompette, Senad Divanovic, Alberto Visintin, Carine Blanchard, Rashmi S. Hegde, Rajat Madan, Peter S. Thorne, Marsha Wills-Karp, Theresa L. Gioannini, Jerry P. Weiss & Christopher L. Karp
doi:10.1038/nature07548
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (391K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
WNT11 acts as a directional cue to organize the elongation of early muscle fibres p589
Jérôme Gros, Olivier Serralbo & Christophe Marcelle
doi:10.1038/nature07564
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (6,769K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli EtpA mediates adhesion between flagella and host cells p594
Koushik Roy, George M. Hilliard, David J. Hamilton, Jiwen Luo, Marguerite M. Ostmann & James M. Fleckenstein
doi:10.1038/nature07568
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (2,193K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
Frequent somatic mutations of GNAQ in uveal melanoma and blue naevi p599
Catherine D. Van Raamsdonk, Vladimir Bezrookove, Gary Green, Jürgen Bauer, Lona Gaugler, Joan M. O'Brien, Elizabeth M. Simpson, Gregory S. Barsh & Boris C. Bastian
doi:10.1038/nature07586
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (618K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
Prominin 1 marks intestinal stem cells that are susceptible to neoplastic transformation p603
Liqin Zhu, Paul Gibson, D. Spencer Currle, Yiai Tong, Robert J. Richardson, Ildar T. Bayazitov, Helen Poppleton, Stanislav Zakharenko, David W. Ellison & Richard J. Gilbertson
doi:10.1038/nature07589
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (815K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
Crypt stem cells as the cells-of-origin of intestinal cancer p608
Nick Barker, Rachel A. Ridgway, Johan H. van Es, Marc van de Wetering, Harry Begthel, Maaike van den Born, Esther Danenberg, Alan R. Clarke, Owen J. Sansom & Hans Clevers
doi:10.1038/nature07602
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (1,367K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
RAD6–RAD18–RAD5-pathway-dependent tolerance to chronic low-dose ultraviolet light p612
Takashi Hishida, Yoshino Kubota, Antony M. Carr & Hiroshi Iwasaki
doi:10.1038/nature07580
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (367K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
Technology Features
Glycobiology: A spoonful of sugar p617
Carbohydrates are important in many biological processes, but the full extent of their distribution and function remains unclear. Advances in technology are now reveal those secrets. Nathan Blow reports.
Nathan Blow
doi:10.1038/457617a
Glycobiology: Surface sensing p618
doi:10.1038/457618a
Glycobiology: Table of suppliers p621
doi:10.1038/457621a
Naturejobs
ProspectsUS science under a new administration p623
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7229-623a
Special Report
Show us the money p624
The government's assessment of UK colleges and universities sets up a waiting game for new funds and recruitment. Karen Kaplan reports.
Karen Kaplan
doi:10.1038/nj7229-624a
Career View
Alan Lewis, president and chief executive, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, New York p626
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7229-626a
Age versus talent in India p626
K. S. Jayaraman
doi:10.1038/nj7229-626b
Zen science p626
Joanne Isaac
doi:10.1038/nj7229-626c
