FIGURE 3. Light regulation of ciliary beating.

a, Schematic anterior view of a larva. b, c, Effect of local illumination on ciliary beating. Superposition of frames from a 60 f.p.s. movie taken in the dark (b) or when the left eyespot was illuminated locally (yellow dashed circle) (c). A change in beating pattern is apparent in cells 6 and 7 (c). d, Beat frequencies of cilia in the dark and under selective illumination of the left eyespot. Asterisks, P < 0.05 (paired t-test), n = 3 larvae. e, Kymograph from cilia from a laterally oriented larva during selective stimulation of the adjacent eyespot. f, Kymograph of cilia upon 215 ms light/dark selective stimulation of the adjacent eyespot. g, h, Superposition of frames from a 60 f.p.s. movie showing a microsphere propelled by ciliated cell pair 7 in the dark (g) and after illumination of the left eyespot (h). i, j, Phototactic turning trajectories of larvae after 180° reversal of directional light source with laser ablation of cells 4,10 (i) and 7,12 (j). k, Diameter of phototactic turning curves (n = 8 larvae each). Double asterisk, P < 0.0001 (unpaired t-test) between controls and 7,12 ablated larvae. Error bars, s.e.m. (d) and s.d. (k). Scale bars, 50 m (b, c), 10 m (e, f, g) and 100 m (i, j).

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