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Nature 455, 778-781 (9 October 2008) | doi:10.1038/nature07321;
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Observation of the spin Seebeck effect
The generation of electric voltage by placing a conductor in a temperature gradient is called the Seebeck effect. Its efficiency is represented by the Seebeck coefficient, S, which is defined as the ratio of the generated electric voltage to the temperature difference, and is determined by the scattering rate and the density of the conduction electrons.
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