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Mathematical physics

Packings close and loose

What determines how grains such as sand pack together to fill a space? A thoroughgoing investigation of how geometry and friction interact in such systems is a step towards a more general understanding.

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Figure 1: Balls from regular to random.

PHOTOLIBRARY.COM S. BADZ/PGA/GETTY IMAGES

Figure 2: Phases of packing.

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Zamponi, F. Packings close and loose. Nature 453, 606–607 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/453606a

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