Recently, substantial advances in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been made owing to three related lines of investigation. First, IBD has been found to be the most tractable of complex disorders for discovering susceptibility genes, and these have shown the importance of epithelial barrier function, and innate and adaptive immunity in disease pathogenesis. Second, efforts directed towards the identification of environmental factors implicate commensal bacteria (or their products), rather than conventional pathogens, as drivers of dysregulated immunity and IBD. Third, murine models, which exhibit many of the features of ulcerative colitis and seem to be bacteria-driven, have helped unravel the pathogenesis/mucosal immunopathology of IBD.

1. Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and,
2. Center for Computational and Integrative Biology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA

Correspondence to: D. K. Podolsky¹ Correspondence should be addressed to D.K.P. (Email: dpodolsky@partners.org).

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