1. Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, National Zoological Park, Washington DC 20008, USA
2. Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York 10001, USA

Correspondence to: Shannon L. LaDeau¹ Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.L.L. (Email: ladeaus@si.edu).

Emerging infectious diseases present a formidable challenge to the conservation of native species in the twenty-first century¹. Diseases caused by introduced pathogens have had large impacts on species abundances², including the American chestnut³, Hawaiian bird species⁴ and many amphibians⁵. Changes in host population sizes can lead to marked shifts in community composition and ecosystem functioning^{3, 4, 6}. However, identifying the impacts of an introduced disease and distinguishing it from other forces that influence population dynamics (for example, climate⁷) is challenging and requires abundance data that extend before and after the introduction^{2, 5}. Here we use 26 yr of Breeding Bird Survey (BBS)⁸ data to determine the impact of West Nile virus (WNV) on 20 potential avian hosts across North America. We demonstrate significant changes in population trajectories for seven species from four families that concur with a priori predictions and the spatio-temporal intensity of pathogen transmission. The American crow population declined by up to 45% since WNV arrival, and only two of the seven species with documented impact recovered to pre-WNV levels by 2005. Our findings demonstrate the potential impacts of an invasive species on a diverse faunal assemblage across broad geographical scales, and underscore the complexity of subsequent community response.

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