TABLE 1
From the following article:
A critical ligamentous mechanism in the evolution of avian flight
David B. Baier, Stephen M. Gatesy and Farish A. Jenkins
Nature 445, 307-310(18 January 2007)
doi:10.1038/nature05435
Table 1. Force magnitudes and force balance solutions.
| Fmax | Fymax | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum force (Fmax) for muscles and ligaments crossing the shoulder joint of a pigeon was derived from physiological cross sectional area measurements, mechanical testing and published data. Maximum vertical force (Fymax) is only upward (positive, bold) for three muscles and the AHL. Columns S1–S4 are four of the many possible 3D force balance solutions for gliding (details in Methods). All values are in multiples of body weight. | ||||||
| M. pectoralis | 22.4 | -19.7 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 6.1 | 6.0 |
| M. supracoracoideus | 10.2 | -3.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| M. deltoideus, pars minor | 1.1 | -0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
| M. deltoideus, pars major | 0.7 | -0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 |
| M. scapulohumeralis | 5.5 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 0 | 1.2 | 0.8 |
| M. coracobrachialis cranialis | 0.7 | -0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 |
| M. coracobrachialis caudalis | 3.1 | -2.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| M. latissimus dorsi | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| M. biceps brachii | 4.0 | -0.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| M. scapulotriceps | 4.5 | -0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| M. subcoracoscapulares | 6.0 | 2.9 | 0 | 2.2 | 0 | 0.8 |
| M. deltoideus, pars propatagialis | 2.7 | -0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Lig. acrocoracohumerale | 39.0 | 20.7 | 8 | 6.0 | 8.5 | 8.1 |
| Joint contact force | - | - | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.8 | 9.5 |
| Total muscle force | - | - | 7.8 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 8.6 |