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Nature 443, 762-763 (19 October 2006) | doi:10.1038/nature05207; Published online 13 September 2006

Palaeoanthropology: Return of the last Neanderthal

Eric Delson1 & Katerina Harvati2

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New finds from Gibraltar date Mousterian tools to as recently as 28,000 years ago. By inference, their Neanderthal makers survived in southern Iberia long after all other well-dated occurrences of the species.

The last Neanderthals were participants in one of the most dramatic events in the story of human evolution. At a time of increasing climatic instability and environmental deterioration, they would have had to have survived in ever-smaller groups, confined to less environmentally hostile refugia on the coast of the Mediterranean, and competing for access to resources with modern humans pressing on their territory.

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