Editorials

Waking up to the importance of sleep p1207

A growing chasm separates the growing scientific understanding of sleep, and the widespread public assumption that it just doesn't matter.

doi: 10.1038/4371207a

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Is the city safe? p1207

The Environmental Protection Agency is ducking a frank assessment of New Orleans after Katrina.

doi: 10.1038/4371207b

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Free tips p1208

The National Academies offers guidance to keep the United States internationally competitive.

doi: 10.1038/4371208a

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Research Highlights

Research highlights p1210

doi: 10.1038/4371210a

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News

Migration threatens to send flu south p1212

Researchers fear that the bird flu virus's next stop will be Africa, where dependence on poultry means that the consequences could be even worse than in southeast Asia. Tom Simonite reports.

doi: 10.1038/4371212a

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Sidelines p1214

doi: 10.1038/4371214a

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Trial aims to measure social effects of choosing babies' sex p1214

Study will follow selections of couples undergoing fertility treatment.

Erika Check

doi: 10.1038/4371214b

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Europe revamps visa rules to attract world's best minds p1215

'Scientist visas' aim to end lengthy delays.

Alison Abbott

doi: 10.1038/4371215a

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Advisers knock Katrina health tests p1216

Environmental Protection Agency criticized over response to New Orleans disaster.

Emma Marris

doi: 10.1038/4371216a

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Ministers agree to act on warnings of soaring temperatures in Africa p1217

Researchers highlight threat posed by global warming.

Michael Cherry

doi: 10.1038/4371217a

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Graphic detail: Twelve years of nuclear traffic p1218

Nuclear agency reveals capture of weapons-grade material across Europe.

doi: 10.1038/4371218a

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News in brief p1219

doi: 10.1038/4371219a

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News Features

Neuroscience: While you were sleeping p1220

The flailing limbs of someone acting out their dreams in bed may not seem the obvious place to seek a cure for Parkinson's disease. But, as Alison Abbott finds out, this sleep disorder is shedding fresh light on the development of neurodegenerative disorders.

doi: 10.1038/4371220a

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See also: Editor's summary

Physics: Far from the frontier p1224

Ignoring the mainstream, physicist Seth Putterman has a knack for bringing long-forgotten mysteries back to the fore. Geoff Brumfiel discovers some of the payoffs, and perils, of being a fiercely independent researcher.

doi: 10.1038/4371224a

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Microbiology: Pipe dreams p1227

It's a bizarre, toxin-filled microbe that could clean up sewage plants across the globe. Helen Pilcher gets on the trail of the anammox bacterium.

doi: 10.1038/4371227a

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Business

Patent reform prompts intellectual tug-of-war p1230

Reform of the patent process in the United States is shaping up as a battle of wills between the software and biotechnology industries. The outcome has global consequences, as Emma Marris reports.

doi: 10.1038/4371230a

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In brief p1231

doi: 10.1038/4371231a

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Market watch p1231

Roxanne Khamsi

doi: 10.1038/4371231b

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Correspondence

Call for a cull of pointlessly different reference styles p1232

Errol C. Friedberg

doi: 10.1038/4371232a

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Noting Croats' difference from other Slavs isn't racist p1232

Ognjen Çuliç

doi: 10.1038/4371232b

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Internet forest-watchers a new force for conservation p1232

Fernando Manuel Ramos

doi: 10.1038/4371232c

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Later results don't confirm antidepressant suicide link p1232

Tamar Wohlfarth and Jitschak Storosum

doi: 10.1038/4371232d

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Commentary

Deeper into the genome p1233

The next large-scale human genome project after HapMap should catalogue inherited variation in the general population that directly affects gene function, argues Richard Gibbs.

doi: 10.1038/4371233a

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Books and Arts

Power for life p1235

Did the humble mitochondrion — the powerhouse of the cell — play a key role in the evolution of life?

John F. Allen reviews Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life by Nick Lane

doi: 10.1038/4371235a

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Theatre: Two exiles p1236

Alan Packer

doi: 10.1038/4371236a

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Relative beginners p1237

Derek Raine reviews It's About Time: Understanding Einstein's Relativityby N. David Mermin

doi: 10.1038/4371237a

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Little wonder p1237

doi: 10.1038/4371237b

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Science in culture: Inventing an icon p1238

Hans Joachim Schellnhuber's map of global 'tipping points' in climate change.

Martin Kemp

doi: 10.1038/4371238a

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Essay

Exploring life's sweet spot p1239

Glycomics: like proteins and nucleic acids, carbohydrates have essential roles in the cell, but the tools to synthesize and analyse this third class of biopolymer have, until recently, lagged far behind.

Peter H. Seeberger

doi: 10.1038/4371239a

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News and Views

Genomics: Understanding human diversity p1241

The first edition of a massive catalogue of human genetic variation is now complete. The long-term task is to translate these data into an understanding of the effects of that variation on human health.

David B. Goldstein and Gianpiero L. Cavalleri

doi: 10.1038/4371241a

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See also: Editor's summary

Chemistry: A cleaner way to nylon? p1243

The polymer nylon-6 is much in demand. An innovation in producing the precursor molecule, -caprolactam, involves a one-step process that is environmentally benign and may be scaled up for bulk production.

Robert Mokaya and Martyn Poliakoff

doi: 10.1038/4371243a

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Solid-state physics: Silicon's new shine p1244

The semiconductor material used in computing systems does not emit light. But a silicon-based structure that can modulate light from an independent source might aid the marriage of optical and electronic components.

Gareth Parry

doi: 10.1038/4371244a

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Biophysics: Helicase snaps back p1245

Helicase enzymes can move along DNA or RNA, unravelling the helices as they go. But simply travelling along a nucleic acid in one direction seems not to be enough for some of these molecular motors.

Eckhard Jankowsky

doi: 10.1038/4371245a

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Materials science: Changing face of the chameleon p1246

Chalcogenide materials form the basis of CD and DVD technologies. But an identity crisis looms in the wider field: what role do atomic reconfiguration, electronic processes and ionic movement play in these materials?

A. Lindsay Greer and Neil Mathur

doi: 10.1038/4371246a

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Cell biology: Helices sculpt membrane p1247

Many proteins are carried within cells in bubble-like sacs. These are pinched off from membranes inside the cell, and it seems that the Sar1p protein is key in both starting and finishing this budding process.

Guillaume Drin and Bruno Antonny

doi: 10.1038/4371247a

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50 & 100 years ago p1247

doi: 10.1038/4371247b

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Mycology: The whiff of danger p1248

Tim Lincoln

doi: 10.1038/4371248a

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Solid-state physics: Spin in the slow lane p1249

Electrons were until recently thought to transport their charge and spin equally freely through metals and semiconductors. Now it seems that spin can lag considerably behind charge.

Bart van Wees

doi: 10.1038/4371249a

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Brief Communications

Human dynamics: Darwin and Einstein correspondence patterns p1251

These scientists prioritized their replies to letters in the same way that people rate their e-mails today.

João Gama Oliveira and Albert-László Barabási

doi: 10.1038/4371251a

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (189K) | Supplementary information

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Protein glycosylation: Chaperone mutation in Tn syndrome p1252

Tongzhong Ju and Richard D. Cummings

doi: 10.1038/4371252a

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (165K) | Supplementary information

Brief Communications Arising

Sporting contests: Seeing red? Putting sportswear in context pE10

Candy Rowe, Julie M. Harris and S. Craig Roberts

doi: 10.1038/nature04306

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (123K)

Sporting contests: Seeing red? Putting sportswear in context (reply) pE10

Robert A. Barton and Russell A. Hill

doi: 10.1038/nature04307

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Review

Evolution of indirect reciprocity p1291

Martin A. Nowak and Karl Sigmund

doi: 10.1038/nature04131

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (349K)

Articles

A haplotype map of the human genome p1299

The International HapMap Consortium

doi: 10.1038/nature04226

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (1,269K) | Supplementary information

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Repetitive shuttling of a motor protein on DNA p1321

Sua Myong, Ivan Rasnik, Chirlmin Joo, Timothy M. Lohman and Taekjip Ha

doi: 10.1038/nature04049

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (496K) | Supplementary information

Letters

How Prometheus creates structure in Saturn's F ring p1326

Carl D. Murray, Carlos Chavez, Kevin Beurle, Nick Cooper, Michael W. Evans, Joseph A. Burns and Carolyn C. Porco

doi: 10.1038/nature04212

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (1,489K)

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Observation of spin Coulomb drag in a two-dimensional electron gas p1330

C. P. Weber, N. Gedik, J. E. Moore, J. Orenstein, J. Stephens and D. D. Awschalom

doi: 10.1038/nature04206

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (281K) | Supplementary information

Strong quantum-confined Stark effect in germanium quantum-well structures on silicon p1334

Yu-Hsuan Kuo, Yong Kyu Lee, Yangsi Ge, Shen Ren, Jonathan E. Roth, Theodore I. Kamins, David A. B. Miller and James S. Harris

doi: 10.1038/nature04204

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Unidirectional molecular motor on a gold surface p1337

Richard A. van Delden, Matthijs K. J. ter Wiel, Michael M. Pollard, Javier Vicario, Nagatoshi Koumura and Ben L. Feringa

doi: 10.1038/nature04127

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (394K) | Supplementary information

Low-latitude seasonality of Cretaceous temperatures in warm and cold episodes p1341

Thomas Steuber, Markus Rauch, Jean-Pierre Masse, Joris Graaf and Matthias Malko

doi: 10.1038/nature04096

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (945K) | Supplementary information

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Cooling of the Earth and core formation after the giant impact p1345

Bernard J. Wood and Alex N. Halliday

doi: 10.1038/nature04129

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (252K)

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Mammal-like muscles power swimming in a cold-water shark p1349

Diego Bernal, Jeanine M. Donley, Robert E. Shadwick and Douglas A. Syme

doi: 10.1038/nature04007

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (269K) | Supplementary information

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Reinforcement drives rapid allopatric speciation p1353

Conrad J. Hoskin, Megan Higgie, Keith R. McDonald and Craig Moritz

doi: 10.1038/nature04004

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (227K) | Supplementary information

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Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members p1357

Joan B. Silk, Sarah F. Brosnan, Jennifer Vonk, Joseph Henrich, Daniel J. Povinelli, Amanda S. Richardson, Susan P. Lambeth, Jenny Mascaro and Steven J. Schapiro

doi: 10.1038/nature04243

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (143K) | Supplementary information

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Same-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak p1360

James A. Fraser, Steven S. Giles, Emily C. Wenink, Scarlett G. Geunes-Boyer, Jo Rae Wright, Stephanie Diezmann, Andria Allen, Jason E. Stajich, Fred S. Dietrich, John R. Perfect and Joseph Heitman

doi: 10.1038/nature04220

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (370K) | Supplementary information

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Mapping determinants of human gene expression by regional and genome-wide association p1365

Vivian G. Cheung, Richard S. Spielman, Kathryn G. Ewens, Teresa M. Weber, Michael Morley and Joshua T. Burdick

doi: 10.1038/nature04244

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (294K) | Supplementary information

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Wnt signalling regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis p1370

Dieter-Chichung Lie, Sophia A. Colamarino, Hong-Jun Song, Laurent Désiré, Helena Mira, Antonella Consiglio, Edward S. Lein, Sebastian Jessberger, Heather Lansford, Alejandro R. Dearie and Fred H. Gage

doi: 10.1038/nature04108

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (554K) | Supplementary information

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Regulation of Lethal giant larvae by Dishevelled p1376

Gretchen L. Dollar, Ursula Weber, Marek Mlodzik and Sergei Y. Sokol

doi: 10.1038/nature04116

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (504K) | Supplementary information

A heterodimeric complex that promotes the assembly of mammalian 20S proteasomes p1381

Yuko Hirano, Klavs B. Hendil, Hideki Yashiroda, Shun-ichiro Iemura, Ryoichi Nagane, Yusaku Hioki, Tohru Natsume, Keiji Tanaka and Shigeo Murata

doi: 10.1038/nature04106

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (791K) | Supplementary information

The histone H3.3 chaperone HIRA is essential for chromatin assembly in the male pronucleus p1386

Benjamin Loppin, Emilie Bonnefoy, Caroline Anselme, Anne Laurençon, Timothy L. Karr and Pierre Couble

doi: 10.1038/nature04059

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (473K) | Supplementary information

Naturejobs

The changing face of China p1391

Swedish universities open offices to exchange science with China

Paul Smaglik

doi:10.1038/nj7063-1391a

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A defensive strategy p1392

Fearing that it will be the target of future bioterrorist attacks, the United States has been ploughing huge amounts of money into biodefence. The result is a reinvigorated market for microbiologists. Corie Lok reports.

Corie Lok

doi:10.1038/nj7063-1392a

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Nancy Kelley, senior vice-president, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Boston, Massachusetts p1394

Woman travels from policy to law to scientific real-estate mogul

Paul Smaglik

doi:10.1038/nj7063-1394a

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Scientists & Societies p1394

ACS finds success with an informal job-hunt forum.

Charles Casey & Jerry Bell

doi:10.1038/nj7063-1394a

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Graduate journal: The worry of success p1394

New PhD discovers first job brings fresh anxieties

Jason Underwood

doi:10.1038/nj7063-1394c

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Futures

Stranger in the night p1396

The journey of a lifetime.

Salvador Nogueira

doi: 10.1038/4371396a

Full Text | PDF (137K)