Supplementary information

From the following article:

Aminoglycoside antibiotics induce bacterial biofilm formation

Lucas R. Hoffman, David A. D'Argenio, Michael J. MacCoss, Zhaoying Zhang, Roger A. Jones and Samuel I. Miller

Nature 436, 1171-1175 (25 August 2005)

doi:10.1038/nature03912

Supplementary Figure S1

These four panels demonstrate further effects of subinhibitory tobramycin concentrations on P. aeruginosa phenotypes, including growth, flagellar swimming, and biofilm formation. The effects of polymyxin B on flagellar swimming is also shown for comparison, and as well as the effects of mutation in various predicted cyclic diguanylate regulators (including arr).

Supplementary Figure S1 - Download Word file (211KB)

Supplementary Figure S2

The results in these four panels further support the model in Figure 3, in which aminoglycosides induce physiologic changes in P.aeruginosa via c-di-GMP signaling that includes augmented biofilm formation. Such changes, including augmented antibiotic susceptibility, are specific to the biofilm state. Altering c-di-GMP signaling is an attractive therapeutic target.

Supplementary Figure S2 - Download Word file (96KB)

Supplementary Methods

This file describes methods and reagents used in this work that were felt to be useful in interpreting the results described in this manuscript, but which were too detailed to include in the main text.

Supplementary Methods - Download Word file (39KB)