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Nature 435, 1165 (30 June 2005) | doi:10.1038/4351165a; Published online 29 May 2005

Concept Now you see it, now you don't

Neil D. Theise1

  1. Neil D. Theise is at the Division of Digestive Diseases, Beth Israel Medical Center, First Avenue at 16th Street, New York New York 10003, USA.
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Cell doctrine: modern biology and medicine see the cell as the fundamental building block of living organisms, but this concept breaks down at different perspectives and scales.

Complexity theory, which describes emergent self-organization of complex adaptive systems, has gained a prominent position in many sciences. One powerful aspect of emergent self-organization is that scale matters.