1. National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, China
2. Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443 STN 'D', Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4, Canada
3. Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 26 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037, China

Correspondence to: Yen-nien Cheng¹Xiao-chun Wu² Email: xcwu@mus-nature.ca
Email: joe@mail.nmns.edu.tw

Abstract

Sauropterygians form the largest and most diverse group of ancient marine reptiles that lived throughout nearly the entire Mesozoic era (from 250 to 65 million years ago)^{1, 2}. Although thousands of specimens of this group have been collected around the world since the description of the first plesiosaur in 1821 (ref. 3), no direct evidence has been found to determine whether any sauropterygians came on shore to lay eggs (oviparity) like sea turtles, or gave birth in the water to live young (viviparity) as ichthyosaurs and mosasauroids (marine lizards) did^{4, 5, 6}. Viviparity has been proposed for plesiosaur, pachypleurosaur and nothosaur sauropterygians^{7, 8, 9, 10}, but until now no concrete evidence has been advanced. Here we report two gravid specimens of Keichousaurus hui Young from the Middle Triassic of China. These exquisitely preserved specimens not only provide the first unequivocal evidence of reproductive mode and sexual dimorphism in sauropterygians, but also indicate that viviparity could have been expedited by the evolution of a movable pelvis in pachypleurosaurs. By extension, this has implications for the reproductive pattern of other sauropterygians and Mesozoic marine reptiles that possessed a movable pelvis.

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