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Nature 432, 284 (18 November 2004) | doi:10.1038/432284a; Published online 17 November 2004

Open Innovation Challenges

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100 and 50 years ago

Some fifty years ago Japan was a hermit nation more than five centuries behind the times, to-day she constitutes a new and important factor in the problem of the distribution of the world's commerce. The story of the foreign commerce of Japan since the restoration of imperial authority in 1868 is told by Mr.