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APL regulates vascular tissue identity in Arabidopsis

Nature volume 426, pages 181–186 (2003)Cite this article

Abstract

Vascular plants have a long-distance transport system consisting of two tissue types with elongated cell files, phloem and xylem1. Phloem has two basic cell types, enucleate sieve elements and companion cells. Xylem has various lignified cell types, such as tracheary elements, the differentiation of which involves deposition of elaborate cell wall thickenings and programmed cell death1,2,3,4. Until now, little has been known about the genetic control of phloem–xylem patterning. Here we identify the ALTERED PHLOEM DEVELOPMENT (APL) gene, which encodes a MYB coiled-coil-type transcription factor that is required for phloem identity in Arabidopsis. Phloem is established through asymmetric cell divisions and subsequent differentiation. We show that both processes are impaired by a recessive apl mutation. This is associated with the formation of cells that have xylem characteristics in the position of phloem. The APL expression profile is consistent with a key role in phloem development. Ectopic APL expression in the vascular bundle inhibits xylem development. Our studies suggest that APL has a dual role both in promoting phloem differentiation and in repressing xylem differentiation during vascular development.

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Figure 1: apl has an altered vascular pattern.
Figure 2: Asymmetric cell divisions, SE and CC differentiation are defective in apl.
Figure 3: Molecular characterization of the APL locus.
Figure 4: Ectopic APL expression inhibits xylem differentiation.

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Acknowledgements

We thank M. Kivimäki, K. Kainulainen, A. Hakonen, J. Immanen, Q. Yu, F. D. Rodriguez, G. Resch and M. Ilijin-Jug for technical assistance and plant cultivation; E. Jokitalo for TEM; M. Laxell and S. Tähtiharju for material; I. Bancroft and K. van de Sande at GARNet/GeTCID; N. Sauer for the AtSUC2::GFP line; E. Mellerowicz, F. Rook and M. Saarma for advice; and P. N. Benfey, B. Scheres and C. Alonso Blanco for comments on the manuscript. Financial support was provided by the Academy of Finland, Tekes, EU, EMBO and the University of Helsinki.

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Author notes

  1. Martin Bonke and Siripong Thitamadee: These authors contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, POB 56, FIN-00014, Finland

    Martin Bonke, Siripong Thitamadee, Ari Pekka Mähönen & Ykä Helariutta

  2. Center of Applied Genetics, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, A-1190, Austria

    Marie-Theres Hauser

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  1. Martin Bonke
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Correspondence to Ykä Helariutta.

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Bonke, M., Thitamadee, S., Mähönen, A. et al. APL regulates vascular tissue identity in Arabidopsis. Nature 426, 181–186 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02100

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