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Nature 422, 667 (17 April 2003) | doi:10.1038/422667a

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Archaeological verification: Puzzling out the past

Robert Hedges1

We have been hearing a lot of the word 'verification' lately, and although in the international arena it has now been replaced by more primitive tests, it has set me thinking about how verification operates in my own field of archaeological science. As with other historical sciences — such as cosmology, geology or evolutionary biology — our methods are based on well-understood physics and chemistry; but our evidence of what happened is fragmentary, and what remains may be altered out of all recognition.