FIGURE 3. Character mapping of wing types on phasmid phylogeny.
From the following article:
Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects
Michael F. Whiting, Sven Bradler and Taylor Maxwell
Nature 421, 264-267(16 January 2003)
doi:10.1038/nature01313
Parsimony optimization (ACCTRAN) of winged (blue) and wingless (red) states for male phasmids on the optimization alignment topology. This reconstruction requires seven steps with four wing gains and three losses; DELTRAN optimization requires five wing gains and two losses. Maximum likelihood reconstruction produces similar results (see Supplementary Information).
