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Nature 419, 684 (17 October 2002) | doi:10.1038/419684a

Open Innovation Challenges

100 and 50 years ago

The question I wish to bring to your notice to-day is an old one: if two events happen simultaneously or one follows the other at a short interval of time, does this give us any reason to suppose that these two events are connected with each other, both being due to the same cause, or one being the cause of the other? Everyone admits that the simple concurrence of events proves nothing, but if the same combination recurs sufficiently often we may reasonably conclude that there is a real connection.