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Flame retardants

Persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges

Abstract

Disposal of sewage sludge by application to agricultural and other land is widely practised and is presumed to be environmentally beneficial, but we have found high concentrations of an environmentally persistent class of organic pollutants, brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), in 'biosolids' from four different regions of the United States. These compounds are widely used as flame retardants, and their presence suggests that the environmental consequences of land application of biosolids need further investigation. We also frequently detected BDEs in wild-caught fish, indicating another pathway for human exposure.

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Figure 1: Brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) are produced commercially and occur in the environment as mixtures of compounds of varying bromination.

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References

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Correspondence to Robert C. Hale.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Table 1. Concentrations of BDEs (ug/kg dry weight basis) detected in biosolids receiving various pre-application treatments and originating from different regions of the US. Class A biosolids are treated to eliminate pathogens.

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Hale, R., La Guardia, M., Harvey, E. et al. Persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges. Nature 412, 140–141 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35084130

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