Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential element for life and is often the limiting nutrient for terrestrial ecosystems1,2. As most nitrogen is locked in the kinetically stable form3, N2, in the Earth's atmosphere, processes that can fix N2 into biologically available forms—such as nitrate and ammonia—control the supply of nitrogen for organisms. On the early Earth, nitrogen is thought to have been fixed abiotically, as nitric oxide formed during lightning discharge4,5,6. The advent of biological nitrogen fixation suggests that at some point the demand for fixed nitrogen exceeded the supply from abiotic sources, but the timing and causes of the onset of biological nitrogen fixation remain unclear7,8,9,10,11. Here we report an experimental simulation of nitrogen fixation by lightning over a range of Hadean (4.5–3.8 Gyr ago) and Archaean (3.8–2.5 Gyr ago) atmospheric compositions, from predominantly carbon dioxide to predominantly dinitrogen (but always without oxygen). We infer that, as atmospheric CO2 decreased over the Archaean period, the production of nitric oxide from lightning discharge decreased by two orders of magnitude until about 2.2 Gyr. After this time, the rise in oxygen (or methane) concentrations probably initiated other abiotic sources of nitrogen. Although the temporary reduction in nitric oxide production may have lasted for only 100 Myr or less, this was potentially long enough to cause an ecological crisis that triggered the development of biological nitrogen fixation.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the assistance of L. Calva-Alejo. We are indebted to W. Schopf and A. Knoll for their discussions on the palaeontological evidence of nitrogen fixation. We also thank J. Kasting and A. Bar-Nun for discussions. This work was supported by grants from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico and the NASA Astrobiology programme.
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Navarro-González, R., McKay, C. & Mvondo, D. A possible nitrogen crisis for Archaean life due to reduced nitrogen fixation by lightning. Nature 412, 61–64 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35083537
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35083537
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