Abstract
Why females prefer to copulate with particular males is a contentious issue. Attention is currently focused on whether females choose males on the basis of their genetic quality, in order to produce more viable offspring1. Support for this hypothesis in birds has come from studies showing that preferred males tend to father offspring of better condition or with increased survivorship2,3,4,5,6,7,8. Before attributing greater offspring viability to a male's heritable genetic quality, however, it is important to discount effects arising from confounding sources, including maternal effects. This has generally been addressed by comparing offspring viability from two different breeding attempts by the same female: one when offspring are sired by a preferred male, and one when offspring are sired by a less preferred male. However, here we show that individual female mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) lay larger eggs after copulating with preferred males and smaller eggs after copulating with less preferred males. As a result, females produced offspring of better body condition when paired with preferred males. After controlling for these differences in maternal investment, we found no effect of paternity on offspring condition. This shows that differences between half-sibs cannot always be attributed to paternal or maternal genetic effects.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire for kindly allowing us to conduct the study at Chatsworth estate, the Chatsworth keepers for all their support and J. Shutt, M. Fowlie, D. Ross and M. Wilson for invaluable help with fieldwork. We would also like to thank B. Hatchwell, T. Birkhead, R. Johnstone, N. Davies, B. Appleby and A. Radford for help, advice and comments. The study was funded by NERC, UK.
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Cunningham, E., Russell, A. Egg investment is influenced by male attractiveness in the mallard. Nature 404, 74–77 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/35003565
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35003565
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