FIGURE 2. Radiocarbon (C-14) and other absolute age measurements for late Neanderthal and early modern human sites.

a, Late Neanderthal, 'Châtelperronian' sites in France. b, Early modern human 'Aurignacian' sites in northern Spain. Note the marked overlap in the age ranges¹⁰, and that the thermoluminescence (TL) and electron spin resonance (ESR) dates have been 'calibrated' by subtracting 3,000 years, to allow for the known offset between radiocarbon and other dating methods in this time range¹¹,¹².