Nature 387, 281 - 284 (15 May 1997); doi:10.1038/387281a0

Dynamics of orientation tuning in macaque primary visual cortex

Dario L. Ringach, Michael J Hawken & Robert Shapley

Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, USA

Orientation tuning of neurons is one of the chief emergent characteristics of the primary visual cortex, VI (refs 1,2). Neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which comprise the thalamic input to VI, are not orientation-tuned, but the majority of VI neurons are quite selective. How orientation tuning arises within VI is still controversial^1,3–17. To study this problem, we measured how the orientation tuning of neurons evolves with time^18–20 using a new method: reverse correlation in the orientation domain. Orientation tuning develops after a delay of 30–45 milliseconds and persists for 40–85 ms. Neurons in layers 4C or 4C, which receive direct input from the thalamus, show a single orientation preference which remains unchanged throughout the response period. In contrast, the preferred orientations of output layer neurons (in layers 2,3,4B, 5 or 6) usually change with time, and in many cases the orientation tuning may have more than one peak. This difference in dynamics is accompanied by a change in the sharpness of orientation tuning; cells in the input layers are more broadly tuned than cells in the output layers. Many of these observed properties of output layer neurons cannot be explained by simple feedforward models^1,3–6, whereas they arise naturally in feedback networks^7–17. Our results indicate that VI is more than a bank of static oriented filters; the dynamics of output layer cells appear to be shaped by intracortical feedback.

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