Access

Article

Nature 369, 371-378 (2 June 1994) | doi:10.1038/369371a0; Accepted 27 April 1994

Complete DNA sequence of yeast chromosome XI

B. Dujon1, D. Alexandraki2, B. André3, W. Ansorge4, V. Baladron5, J. P. G. Ballesta6, A. Banrevi4*, P. A. Bolle7, M. Bolotin-Fukuhara8, P. Bossier9, G. Bou6, J. Boyer1, M. J. Buitrago5, G. Cherét10, L. Colleaux1*, B. Dalgnan-Fornier8, F. del Rey5, C. Dion7, H. Domdey11, A. Düsterhöft12,13, S. Düsterhus14, K.-D. Entian14, H. Erfle4, P. F. Esteban5, H. Feldmann15, L. Fernandes9, G. M. Fobo16, C. Fritz17, H. Fukuhara10, C. Gabel18, L. Gaillon1, J. M. Carcia-Cantalejo6, J. J. Garcia-Ramirez5, M. E. Gent19, M. Ghazvini1*, A. Goffeau20,21, A. Gonzaléz5, D. Grothues4, P. Guerreiro9, J. Hegemann12, N. Hewitt4, F. Hilger7, C. P. Hollenberg17, O. Horaitis2*, K. J. Indge19, A. Jacquier1, C. M. James19, J. C. Jauniaux3,22, A. Jimenez6, H. Keuchel17, L. Kirchrath17, K. Kleine16, P. Kötter14, P. Legrain1, S. Liebl16, E. J. Louis23, A. Maia e Silva9, C. Marck24, A.-L. Monnier1, D. Möstl13, S. Müller18, B. Obermaier11, S. G. Oliver19, C. Pallier8, S. Pascolo1*, F. Pfeiffer16, P. Philippsen12,25, R. J. Planta26, F. M. Pohl27, T. M. Pohl28, R. Pöhlmann12,25, D. Portetelle7, B. Purnelle20, V. Puzos8, M. Ramezani Rad17, S. W. Rasmussen29, M. Remacha6, J. L. Revuelta5, G.-F. Richard1, M. Rieger18, C. Rodrigues-Pousada9, M. Rose14, T. Rupp4, M. A. Santos5, C. Schwager4, C. Sensen4, J. Skala20*, H. Soares9, F. Sor10, J. Stegemann4, H. Tettelin20, A. Thierry1, M. Tzermia2, L. A. Urrestarazu3, L. van Dyck20, J. C. van Vliet-Reedijk26*, M. Valens8, M. Vandenbol7, C. Vilela9, S. Vissers3, D. von Wettstein29, H. Voss4, S. Wiemann4, G. Xu17, J. Zimmermann4, M. Haasemann16*, I. Becker16 & H. W. Mewes16

  1. 1Unité de Génétique Moleculaire des Levures (URA 1149 du CNRS and UFR927 University P.M. Curie), Départment de Biologie Moléculaire, Insitut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France;
  2. 2Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, PO Box 1527, GR-Heraklion 711 10 Crete, Greece;
  3. 3Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et de Génétique des Levures, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, CP244, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050, Bruxelles, Belgium;
  4. 4European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany;
  5. 5Universidad de Salamanca, Departemento de Microbiologia y Genética, Av. del Campo Charro s/n, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain;
  6. 6Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Facultad de Ciencias, Centre de Biologia Molecular, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain;
  7. 7Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, 6, Avenue Maréchal Juin, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
  8. 8Laboratoire de Génétique Moleculaire, IGM (URA 1354 du CNRS), Université de Paris Sud, Batiment 400, F-91405 Orsay-Cedex, France;
  9. 9lnstituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, PL-2781 Oeiras, Portugal;
  10. 10lnstitut Curie, Section de Biologie, Rue Georges Clémenceau, 15, Bâtiment 110, Centre Universitaire, F-91405 Orsay, France;
  11. 11Laboratorium für Molekulare Biologie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany;
  12. 12Institute für Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie, Universität Giessen, Frankfurterstr. 107, D-35392 Giessen, Germany;
  13. 13QUIAGEN GmbH, Max-Volmer Str. 4, D-40724 Hilden, Germany;
  14. 14Institut für Mikrobiologie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Marie Curie Str. 9, D-60439 Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany;
  15. 15Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Physikalische Biochemie und Zellbiologie der Universität München, Goethestr. 33, D-80336 München, Germany;
  16. 16MIPS, Max-Planck-lnstitut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany;
  17. 17Institut für Mikrobiologie der Universität Düsseldorf Geb. 26.12, Universitätsr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
  18. 18Biotechnologische und Molekularbiologische Forschung Angelhofweg 39, D-69259 Wilhelmsfeld, Germany;
  19. 19Manchester Biotechnology Centre, UMIST, PO Box 88, Sackville street, Manchester M60 1QD, UK;
  20. 20 Unité de Biochemie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud, 2-20, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium;
  21. 21Commission of the European Communities, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium;
  22. 22Angewandte Tumorvirologie and Virologie appliquée à I'oncologie (Unité INSERM 375) Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Abt.0610, P.101949, D-69009 Heidelberg, Germany;
  23. 23Yeast Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, 0X3 9DU, UK;
  24. 24Service de Biochemie et de Génétique Molécuiaire, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Molécuiaire, DSV/CEA, CE-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France;
  25. 25lnstitute für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum, Klingelbergstr. 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;
  26. 26Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Molecular Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, BioCentrum Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
  27. 27Fakultät für Biologie der Universität Konstanz, Postfach 55 60, D-78434 Konstanz, Germany;
  28. 28GATC-Gesellschaft für Analyse Technik und Consulting, Fritz-Arnold-Str. 23, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany;
  29. 29Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Gamle Carlsberg Vej, 10, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark.
  30. *Present addresses: Virus department, National Institute of Public Health, Vasi Utl74, Budapest 1393, Hungary (A.B.); Institut de Pédiatrie, BP24, F-13385 Marseille-CEDEX 5, France (L.C.); Unité des Virus Ongogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75724, France (M.G.); Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris VII, 2 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris-CEDEX 5, France (M.H.); Murdoch Institute for Research into Birth Defects, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Vie 3052, Australia (O.H.); Unité d'lmmunité Cellulaire Antivirale, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75724, France (S.P.); Institute of Microbiology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland (J.S.); Unilever Research Laboratorium, Olivier ven Noortlaan 120, Vlaardingen NL-3130 AC, The Netherlands (J.C. v. V.-R.)
Top

The complete DNA sequence of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XI has been determined. In addition to a compact arrangement of potential protein coding sequences, the 666,448-base-pair sequence has revealed general chromosome patterns; in particular, alternating regional variations in average base composition correlate with variations in local gene density along the chromosome. Significant discrepancies with the previously published genetic map demonstrate the need for using independent physical mapping criteria.