Nature 368, 449 - 451 (31 March 1994); doi:10.1038/368449a0

The first skull and other new discoveries of Australopithecus afarensis at Hadar, Ethiopia

William H. Kimbel^*, Donald C. Johanson^* & Yoel Rak^*†

^*Institute of Human Origins, 2453 Ridge Road, Berkeley, California 94709, USA
^†Department of Anatomy, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

THE Hadar Formation in Ethiopia is a prolific source of Pliocene Hominidae attributed to the species Australopithecus afarensis ¹. Since 1990, three seasons of field work have contributed 53 new specimens to the hominid inventory from Hadar, including the first fairly complete adult skull. Ranging from 3.0 to 3.4 million years in age (Fig. I) ^2–4, the new specimens bear on key debates in hominid palaeontology, including the taxonomic implications of sample variation and the reconstruction of locomotor behaviour. They confirm the taxonomic unity of A. afarensis and constitute the largest body of evidence for about 0.9 million years of stasis in the earliest known hominid species.

References

1.	Johanson, D. C., Taieb, M. & Coppens, Y. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 57, 373−402 (1982). | PubMed | ISI |
2.	Walter, R. C. & Aronson, J. L. J. hum. Evol. 25, 229−240 (1993). | Article |
3.	Walter, R. C. Geology 22, 6−10 (1994). | Article | ChemPort |
4.	Renne, P., Walter, R., Verosub, K., Sweitzer, M. & Aronson, J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 1067−1070 (1993).
5.	Johanson, D. C., White, T. D. & Coppens, Y. Kirtlandia 28, 1−14 (1978).
6.	Johanson, D. C. & White, T. D. Science 203, 321−329 (1979). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
7.	Olson, T. R. in Ancestors: The Hard Evidence (ed. Delson, E.) 102−119 (Liss, New York, 1985).
8.	Leakey, R. E. & Walker, A.C. Science 207, 1103 (1980).
9.	Shipman, P. Discover 7, 87−93 (1986).
10.	McKee, J. K. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 80, 1−9 (1989).
11.	Lovejoy, C. O. Sci. Am. 256, 118−125 (1988).
12.	Latimer, B. M. in Origine(s) de la Bipédie Chez les Hominidés (eds Coppens, Y. & Senut, B.) 169−176 (CNRS, Paris, 1991).
13.	Susman, R. L., Stern, J. T. & Jungers, W. L. Folia primatol. 43, 113−156 (1984). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
14.	Stern, J. T. & Susman, R. L. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 60, 279−318 (1983). | PubMed |
15.	White, T. D., Johanson, D. C. & Kimbel, W. H. S. Afr. J. Sci. 77, 445−470 (1981).
16.	Kimbel, W. H., White, T. D. & Johanson, D. C. in Ancestors: The Hard Evidence (ed. Delson, E.) 122−137 (Liss, New York, 1985).
17.	Rak, Y. The Australopithecine Face 1−169 (Academic, New York, 1983).
18.	Kimbel, W. H., White, T. D. & Johanson, D. C. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 64, 337−388 (1984). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
19.	Kimbel, W. H. & Rak, Y. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 66, 31−54 (1985). | PubMed | ChemPort |
20.	Ward, S. C. & Kimbel, W. H. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 61, 157−171 (1983). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
21.	Kimbel, W. H., Johanson, D. C. & Coppens, Y. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 57, 453−499 (1982). | ISI |
22.	Kimbel, W. H. & White, T. D. J. hum. Evol. 17, 545−550 (1988).
23.	White, T. D. et al. Nature 366, 261−265 (1993). | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort |
24.	Asfaw, B. J. hum. Evol. 16, 611−624 (1987). | Article |
25.	Wood, B. A., Yu, L. & Willoughby, C. J. Anat. 174, 185−205 (1991). | PubMed | ChemPort |
26.	White, T. D. & Johanson, D. C. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 57, 501−544 (1982). | ISI |
27.	Johanson, D. C. et al. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 57, 403−451 (1982). | ISI |
28.	Lovejoy, C. O., Johanson, D. C. & Coppens, Y. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 57, 637−650 (1982).
29.	Jungers, W. L. & Stern, J. T. J. hum. Evol. 12, 673−684 (1983).
30.	Stern, J. T. & Susman, R. L. in Origine(s) de la Bipédie chez les Hominidés (eds Coppens, Y. & Senut, B.) 99−111 (CNRS, Paris, 1991).
31.	White, T. D., Moore, R. V. & Suwa, G. J. vert. Paleont. 4, 575−583 (1984).