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Nature 349, 293-299 (24 January 1991) | doi:10.1038/349293a0

Man-made antibodies

Greg Winter & César Milstein

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Monoclonal antibodies can now be genetically engineered and endowed with new properties. In the future, gene technology could enable antigen-binding fragments to be made by exploiting repertoires of variable domain genes derived from immunized animals and expressed in bacteria. How readily can this approach be extended to production of 'in vitro' repertoires of variable domain genes, and obviate the immunization of animals?