Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

The extragalactic Universe: an alternative view

We discuss evidence to show that the generally accepted view of the Big Bang model for the origin of the Universe is unsatisfactory. We suggest an alternative model that satisfies the constraints better.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Rent or buy this article

Prices vary by article type

from$1.95

to$39.95

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

References

  1. Ambartsumian, V.A. in La Structure de I'Univers (ed. Stoops, R.) (Solvay Conference Reports, Bruxelles, 1958).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Terrell, J. Science 145, 918–919 (1964).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. McCrea, W.H. IAU Symp. 44, 282–286 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bahcall, J.N. & Hills, R.E. Astrophys. J. 179, 699–703 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Burbidge, G.R. & O'Dell, S.L. Astrophys. J. 183, 759–766 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hoyle, F., Burbidge, G. & Sargent, W.L.W. Nature 209, 751–754 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Hoyle, F. & Burbidge, G. Astrophys. J. 144, 534–552 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zensus, J.A. & Pearson, J.T. (eds) Superluminal Radio Sources (Cambridge University Press, 1987).

  9. Arp, H.C. Astrophys. J. 148, 321–365 (1967).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Burbidge, E.M., Burbidge, G.R., Solomon, P.M. & Stritt-matter, P.A. Astrophys. J. 170, 233–240 (1971).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Arp, H. Astrophys. Lett. 9, 1–4 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sulentic, J.W. Astrophys. J. 265, L49–L53 (1983).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sulentic, J.W. & Arp, H.C. Astrophys. J. 319, 693–708 (1987).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Burbidge, G. Nature 282, 451–455 (1979).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Arp, H.C. & Sulentic, J.W. Astrophys. J. 229, 496–502 (1979).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Arp, H.C. & Gavazzi, G. Astr. Astrophys. 139, 240–242 (1984).

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Arp, H. Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies (Interstellar Media, Berkeley, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Burbidge, G., Hewitt, A., Narlikar, J.V. & Das Gupta, P. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 74, (in the press, November 1990).

  19. Stocke, J.T., et al. Astrophys. J. 315, L11–L15 (1987).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Webster, R.L., Hewett, P.C., Harding, M.E. & Wegner, G.A. Nature 336, 358–359 (1988).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. Fugmann, W. Astr. Astrophys. 204, 73–80 (1988).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hewitt, A. & Burbidge, G. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 63, 1–246 (1987); 69, 1–63 (1989).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Canizares, C.R. Nature 291, 620–624 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Arp, H.C. Astr. Astrophys. 229, 93–98 (1990).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Linder, E.V. & Schneider, P. Astr. Astrophys. 204, L8–L10 (1988).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hogan, C.J., Narayan, R. & White, S.D.M. Nature 339, 106 (1989).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Huchra, J. et al. Astron. J. 90, 691–696 (1985).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Yee, H.K.C. Astron. J. 95, 1331–1339 (1988).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. De Robertis, M.M. & Yee, H.K.C. Astrophys. J. 332, L49–L53 (1988).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Roberts, D.H. et al. Astrophys. J. 224, 344–367 (1978).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sargent, W.L.W. IAU Symp. 124, 777–793 (1987).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hammer, F. reported at Workshop on Radio Galaxies (University of California, Berkeley, 1989).

  33. Gehren, T., Fried, J., Wehinger, P.A. & Wyckoff, S. Astrophys. J. 278, 11–27 (1984).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. Yee, H.K.C. Astron. J. 94, 1461–1467 (1987).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Penzias, A.A. & Wilson, R.W. Astrophys. J. 142, 419–421 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. Mather, J.C. et al. Astrophys. J. Lett. 354, L37–L40 (1990).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hogan, C.J. Mature 344, 107 (1990).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hoyle, F. & Wickramasinghe, N.C. Astrophys. Space Sci. 147, 245–256 (1988).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Dittman, W. & Neumann, K. in Growth and Perfection in Crystals (eds Daramus, R.N., Roberts, B.W., & Turnbull, D.) (Wiley, New York, 1958).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Seward, F.D., Harndeon, F.R. & Elsner, R.F. in The Crab Nebula and Related Supernova Remnants (eds Kafatos, M.C. & Henry, R.C.B.) (Cambridge University Press, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Helou, G., Soifer, B.T. & Rowan-Robinson, M. Astrophys. J. Lett. 298, L7 (1985).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Burbidge, E.M., Burbidge, G.R. & Hoyle, F. Astrophys. J. 138, 873–888 (1963).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sandage, A.R. Astrophys. J. 138, 863–872 (1963).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. Burbidge, G. Pub. Astr. Soc. Pacific 98, 1252–1257 (1986).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Burbidge, G. & Hewitt, A. Comets to Cosmology (ed. Lawrence, A.) 320–325 (Springer, Berlin, 1988).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  46. Sandage, A.R. & Cacciari, C. Astrophys. J. 350, 645–661 (1990).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Cowan, J.J., Thielmann, F.-K. & Truran, J.W. Astrophys. J. 323, 543–552 (1987).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Das Gupta, P., Narlikar, J.V. & Burbidge, G. Astron. J. 95, 5–14 (1988).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. Das Gupta, P. thesis, Bombay Univ., 1988.

  50. Schneider, D.P., Schmidt, M. & Gunn, J.E. Astron. J. 98, 1951–1958 (1989).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Arp, H.C. & Burbidge, G.R. Astrophys. J. 353, L1–L2 (1990).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hoyle, F. & Narlikar, J.V. Action at a Distance in Physics and Cosmology (Freeman, San Francisco, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Boesgaard, A.M. & Steigman, G. A. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 319–379 (1985).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Playfair, J. Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth (Edinburgh, 1802).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  55. Arp, H. Astrophys. Lett. 7, 221 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Arp, H., Burbidge, G., Hoyle, F. et al. The extragalactic Universe: an alternative view. Nature 346, 807–812 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1038/346807a0

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/346807a0

This article is cited by

Comments

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing