|
The origin of human cancers John Cairns*
Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Burtonhole Lane, London NW7 1AD, UK
*Present address: Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
The limited evidence available suggests that most human cancers are not caused by conventional mutagens but are more likely to be the result of genetic transpositions. Although the molecular biology of transposition is starting to be understood, the external factors that influence its frequency have not yet been studied in any detail.
References
| 1. |
Meselson, M. & Russell, K. in Origins of Human Cancer (eds Hiatt, H. H., Watson, J. D. & Winsten, J. A.) 1473−1481 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1977). | ChemPort | |
| 2. |
Ames, B. N. & Hooper, K. Nature 274, 19−20 (1978). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 3. |
Bartsch, H. et al. in Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Carcinogen Screening Tests (eds Montesano, R., Bartsch, H. & Tomatis, L.) 179−241 (IARC, Lyon, 1980). | ChemPort | |
| 4. |
Laerum, O. D. & Rajewsky, M. F. J. natn. Cancer Inst. 55, 1177−1187 (1975). | ChemPort | |
| 5. |
Mondal, S. & Heidelberger, C. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 65, 219−225 (1970). | ChemPort | |
| 6. |
Parodi, S. & Brambilla, G. Mutat. Res. 47, 53−74 (1977). | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 7. |
Kennedy, A. R., Fox, M., Murphy, G. & Little, J. B. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (in the press). |
| 8. |
Kakunaga, T. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 1334−1338 (1978). | ChemPort | |
| 9. |
Barrett, J. C. & Ts'O, P. O. P. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 3761−3765 (1978). | ChemPort | |
| 10. |
Allison, A. C., Chesterman, F. C. & Baron, S. J. natn. Cancer Inst. 38, 567−572 (1967). | ChemPort | |
| 11. |
Furth, J. J. natn. Cancer Inst. 8, 7−16 (1947). |
| 12. |
Stevens, L. C. Devl Biol. 21, 364−382 (1970). | ChemPort | |
| 13. |
Karp, R. D. et al. J. natn. Cancer Inst. 51, 1275−1285 (1973). | ChemPort | |
| 14. |
Brinster, R. L. J. exp. Med. 140, 1049−1056 (1974). | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 15. |
Mintz, B. & Illmensee, K. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 3585−3589 (1975). | ChemPort | |
| 16. |
Papaioannou, V. E., McBurney, M. W., Gardner, R. L. & Evans, M. J. Nature 258, 70−73 (1975). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 17. |
Tannenbaum, A. & Silverstone, H. Adv. Cancer Res. 1, 451−501 (1953). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 18. |
Good, R. A. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69, 1026−1032 (1972). | ChemPort | |
| 19. |
Kouri, R. E., Ratrie, H. & Whitmire, C. E. J. natn. Cancer Inst. 51, 197−200 (1973). | ChemPort | |
| 20. |
Nebert, D. W. J. natn. Cancer Inst. 64, 1279−1290 (1980). | ChemPort | |
| 21. |
Atlas, S. A., Vesell, E. S. & Nebert, D. W. Cancer Res. 36, 4619−4630 (1976). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 22. |
Paigen, B. et al. Cancer Res. 37, 1829−1837 (1977). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 23. |
Cleaver, J. E. & Bootsma, D. A. Rev. Genet. 9, 19−38 (1975). | Article | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 24. |
Friedberg, E. C., Ehmann, U. K. & Williams, J. I. Adv. Radiat. Biol. 8, 85−174 (1979). | ChemPort | |
| 25. |
Kleijer, W. J., Lohman, P. H. M., Mulder, M. P. & Bootsma, D. Mutat. Res. 9, 517−523 (1970). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 26. |
Cleaver, J. E. Mutat. Res. 12, 453−462 (1971). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 27. |
Slor, H. Mutat. Res. 19, 231−235 (1973). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 28. |
Maher, V. M., Birch, N., Otto, J. R. & McCormick, J. J. J. natn. Cancer Inst. 54, 1287−1294 (1975). | ChemPort | |
| 29. |
Maher, V. M., Ouellette, L. M., Mittlestat, M. & McCormick, J. J. Nature 258, 760−763 (1975). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 30. |
Fornace, A. J. & Kohn, K. W. Biochim. biophys. Acta 435, 95−103 (1976). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 31. |
Day, R. S., Scudiero, D. & Dimattina, M. Mutat. Res. 50, 383−394 (1978). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 32. |
Andrews, A. D., Barrett, S. F. & Robbins, J. H. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 1984−1988 (1978). | ChemPort | |
| 33. |
Maher, V. M., Ouellette, L. M., Curren, R. D. & McCormick, J. J. Nature 261, 593−595 (1976). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 34. |
Maher, V. M., McCormick, J. J., Grover, P. L. & Sims, P. Mutat. Res. 43, 117−138 (1977). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 35. |
Arlett, C. F. & Harcourt, S. A. in DNA Repair Mechanisms (eds Hanawalt, P. C., Friedberg, E. C. & Fox, C. F.) 633−636 (Academic, New York, 1978). | ChemPort | |
| 36. |
Maher, V. M., Dorney, D. J., Mendrala, A. L., Konze-Thomas, B. & McCormick, J. J. Mutat. Res. 62, 311−323 (1979). | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 37. |
Myhr, B. C., Turnbull, D. & DiPaolo, J. A. Mutat Res. 62, 341−353 (1979). | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 38. |
Glover, T. W., Chang, C. C., Trosko, J. E. & Li, S. S. L. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 3982−3986 (1979). | ChemPort | |
| 39. |
Bridges, B. & Strauss, G. Nature 283, 523−524 (1980). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 40. |
German, J. in Proc. 6th int. Congr. Radiation Research (eds Okada, S. et al.) 496−505 (Tokyo University Press, 1979). |
| 41. |
Reese, A. B. & Wilber, I. E. Am. J. Ophthal. 26, 901−911 (1943). |
| 42. |
Berlin, C. & Tager, A. Dermatologica 116, 27−35 (1958). | PubMed | ChemPort | |
| 43. |
El-Hefnawi, H., El-Nabawi, M. & Rasheed, A. Br. J. Derm. 74, 201−213 (1962). | ChemPort | |
| 44. |
El-Hefnawi, H. & Rasheed, A. J. Egypt, med. Ass. 46, 985−1006 (1963); 49, 419−434 (1966). | ChemPort | |
| 45. |
Lemaire, M. & Gaumond, E. Can. med. Ass. J. 92, 406−412 (1965). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 46. |
Siegelman, M. H. & Sutow, W. W. J. Pediat. 67, 625−630 (1965). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 47. |
Sambasivan, T. S., Siddappa, K. & Indrakumar, S. V. Indian J. Derm. 11, 79−81 (1966). | PubMed | ChemPort | |
| 48. |
Robbins, J. H., Kraemer, K. H., Lutzner, M. A., Festoff, B. W. & Coon, H. G. Ann. intern. Med. 80, 221−248 (1974). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 49. |
Takebe, H. et al. Cancer Res. 37, 490−495 (1977). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 50. |
Pawsey, S. A., Magnus, I. A., Ramsay, C. A., Benson, P. F. & Giannelli, F. Q. Jl Med. new Ser. 48, 179−210 (1979). | ChemPort | |
| 51. |
Kraemer, K. H. in Clinical Dermatology (eds Demis, D. J., Dobson, R. L. & McGuire, J.) (Harper & Row, New York, in the press). |
| 52. |
Miller, R. W. Pediat. Res. 3, 389−397 (1969). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 53. |
German, J., Archibald, R. & Bloom, D. Science 148, 506−507 (1965). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 54. |
German, J. in Chromosomes and Cancer (ed. German, J.) 601−617 (Wiley, New York, 1974). |
| 55. |
Mitelman, F. & Levan, G. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 1, 29−32 (1979). | Article | ISI | |
| 56. |
Zankl, H., Zang, K. D. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 1, 351−356 (1980). | Article | |
| 57. |
Mark, J., Westermark, B., Pontén, J. & Hugosson, R. Hereditas 87, 243−260 (1977). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 58. |
Rowley, J. D. Nature 243, 290−293 (1973). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 59. |
Canellos, G. P. & Whang-Peng, J. Lancet ii, 1227−1229 (1972). | Article | |
| 60. |
Baccarani, M., Zaccaria, A. & Tura, S. Lancet ii, 1094 (1973). | Article | |
| 61. |
Verhest, A. & van Schoubroeck, F. Lancet ii, 1386 (1973). | Article | |
| 62. |
Whang-Peng, J., Canellos, G. P., Carbone, P. P. & Tijo, J. H. Blood 32, 755−766 (1968). | PubMed | ChemPort | |
| 63. |
Cohen, M. M., Shaham, M., Dagan, J., Shmueli, E. & Kohn, G. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 15, 338−356 (1975). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 64. |
McCaw, B. K., Hecht, F., Harnden, D. G. & Teplitz, R. L. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 2071−2075 (1975). | ChemPort | |
| 65. |
Mark, J., Dahlenfors, R. & Ekedahl, C. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 1, 39−56 (1979). | Article | ISI | |
| 66. |
Mark, J. Adv. Cancer Res. 24, 165−222 (1977). | PubMed | ChemPort | |
| 67. |
Cairns, J. Nature 225, 197−200 (1975). |
| 68. |
Gartler, S. M., Gandini, E., Hutchison, H. T., Campbell, B. & Zechhi, G. Ann. hum. Genet. 35, 1−7 (1971). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 69. |
Feder, N. Nature 263, 67−69 (1976). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 70. |
Micklem, H. S., Ogden, D. A., Evans, E. P., Ford, C. E. & Gray, J. G. Cell Tissue Kinet. 8, 233−248 (1975). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 71. |
Wilson, A. C., Carlson, S. S. & White, T. J. A. Rev. Biochem. 46, 573−639 (1977). | Article | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 72. |
Wilson, A. C., Bush, G. L., Case, S. M. & King, M. C. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 5061−5065 (1975). | ChemPort | |
| 73. |
Bush, G. L., Case, S. M., Wilson, A. C. & Patton, J. L. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 3942−3946 (1977). | ChemPort | |
| 74. |
Hart, R. W., Setlow, R. B. & Woodhead, A. D. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 5574−5578 (1977). | ChemPort | |
| 75. |
Goth, R. & Rajewsky, M. F. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 639−643 (1974). | ChemPort | |
| 76. |
Margison, G. P. & Kleihues, P. Biochem. J. 148, 521−525 (1975). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 77. |
Jablon, S. & Bailar, J. C. Preventative Med. 9, 219−226 (1980). | Article | ChemPort | |
| 78. |
Peto, R. in Origins of Human Cancer (eds Hiatt; H. H., Watson, J. D. & Winsten, J. A.) 1403−1428 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1977). |
| 79. |
Larouze, B. et al. Lancet ii, 534−538 (1976). | Article | |
| 80. |
Doll, R. Proc. R. Soc. B205, 47−61 (1979). | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 81. |
Higginson, J. & Muir, C. S. J. natn. Cancer Inst. 63, 1291−1298 (1979). | ChemPort | |
| 82. |
Huang, S. L. Mutat. Res. 68, 265−274 (1979). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 83. |
Sincock, A. & Seabright, M. Nature 257, 56−58 (1975). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 84. |
Kier, L. D., Yamasaki, E. & Ames, B. N. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 4159−4163 (1974). | ChemPort | |
| 85. |
Roe, F. J. C., Salaman, M. H. & Cohen, J. Br. J. Cancer 13, 623−633 (1959). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 86. |
van Duuren, B. L., Sivak, A., Segal, A., Orris, L. & Langseth, L. J. natn. Cancer Inst. 37, 519−526 (1966). | ChemPort | |
| 87. |
Nevers, P. & Saedler, H. Nature 268, 109−115 (1977). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 88. |
Calos, M. P. & Miller, J. H. Cell 20, 579−595 (1980). | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 89. |
Hicks, J. B., Strathern, J. N. & Herskowitz, I. in DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids and Episomes (eds Bukhari, A. I., Shapiro, J. A. & Adhya, S. L.) 457−462 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1977). | ChemPort | |
| 90. |
Strathern, J. N. & Herskowitz, I. Cell 17, 371−381 (1979). | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 91. |
Gurdon, J. B., Laskey, R. A. & Reeves, O. R. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 34, 93−112 (1975). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 92. |
Sakano, H., Hüppi, K., Heinrich, G. & Tonegawa, S. Nature 280, 288−294 (1979). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 93. |
Max, E. E., Seidman, J. G. & Leder, P. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 3450−3454 (1979). | ChemPort | |
| 94. |
Saedler, H. & Starlinger, P. Molec. gen. Genet. 100, 178−189 (1967). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 95. |
Roeder, G. S., Farabaugh, P. J., Chaleff, D. T. & Fink, G. R. Science 209, 1375−1380 (1980). | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 96. |
Calos, M. P., Johnsrud, L. & Miller, J. H. Cell 13, 411−418 (1978). | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 97. |
Arber, W. et al. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 43. 1197−1208 (1978). | ISI | |
| 98. |
Potter, S. S., Brorein, W. J., Dunsmuir, P. & Rubin, G. M. Cell 17, 415−427 (1979). | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 99. |
Gowen, J. W. & Gay, E. H. Science 77, 312 (1933). |
| 100. |
Harrison, B. J. & Fincham, J. R. S. Heredity 19, 237−258 (1964). | ISI | |
| 101. |
Botchan, M., Stringer, J., Mitchison, T. & Sambrook, J. Cell 20, 143−152 (1980). | Article | PubMed | ISI | ChemPort | |
| 102. |
McClintock, B. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 36, 344−355 (1950). |
| 103. |
Temin, H. M. Perspectives biol. Med. 14, 11−26 (1970). | ISI | ChemPort | |
© 1981 Nature Publishing Group Privacy Policy |