Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review Article
  • Published:

Nuclear weapons and power-reactor plutonium

Abstract

With modest design sophistication, high-burn-up plutonium from power reactors can produce powerful and predictable nuclear explosions. There is no way to ‘denature’ plutonium. Power reactors are not implausible but rather attractive as military production reactors. Current promotion of quasi-civilian nuclear facilities rests, dangerously, on contrary assumptions.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Wohlhstetter, A. Foreign Policy, 88–96, 145–179 (Winter, 1976/7).

  2. Hill, J. in Nuclear or Not? (eds Foley, G. & van Buren, E. A.) 174 (Heinemann, London, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Avery, D. Testimony to 1977 Windscale Inquiry (26 July 1977).

  4. Beckurts, K. H. Die Zeit (Hamburg) 30, 9 December 1977.

  5. Union des Centrales Suisse d'Électricité, Journal de Genève, 24 July 1979.

  6. AKA Committee, Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste, 43 (Rep.SOU: 1976:32, Libervorlag, Stockholm, 1976).

  7. Cohen, K. The Science and Science Fiction of Reprocessing and Proliferation, AIF Fuel Cycle Conf. Kansas City (1977).

  8. Walske, C. Nuclear Energy Environment in the United States, Madrid (Atomic Industrial Forum, 1976),

  9. Westinghouse Energy Information Sheet, Plutonium (Westinghouse Energy Action Office, Pittsburgh, 1978).

  10. McCormack, M. Congr. Rec. H6528, 12 July 1978.

  11. Wohlstetter, A. et al. Moving Toward Life in a Nuclear Armed Crowd? (Rep. ACDA/PAB-263 to US Arms Control & Disarmament Agency, Pan Heuristics, Los Angeles, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Barnard, G. I. et al. A Report on the International Control of Atomic Energy, Rep. 2498 (US Dept. of State, 16 March 1946), reprinted at 127–198, US Senate Committee on Government Operations, Peaceful Nuclear Exports and Weapons Proliferation: A Compendium (USGPO, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lovins, A. B. Soft Energy Paths: Toward a Durable Peace, Ch. 11 (Pelican, London, 1977).

  14. Gilinsky, V. Plutonium, Proliferation, and Policy (USNRC S-14-76, 1976).

  15. Taylor, T. B. in International Safeguards and Nuclear Industry (ed. Willrich, M.) 181 (Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Goldschmidt, B. The Atomic Adventure, 50 (Macmillan, New York, 1964).

  17. Mark, J. C. in Impact of New Technologies on the Arms Race (eds Feld, B. T. et al.) 137–138 (Pugwash/MIT, Cambridge, 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hall, D. B. in Preventing Nuclear Theft: Guidelines for Industry and Government (eds Leachman, R. B. & Althoff, P.) 275–283 (Praeger, New York, 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Willrich, M. & Taylor, T. B. Nuclear Theft: Risks and Safeguards (Ballinger, Cambridge, 1974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. McPhee, J. The Curve of Binding Energy (Ballantine, New York, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Commission on Environmental Pollution, 6th Rep. (HMSO, London, 1976).

  22. Ranger Uranium Environmental Inquiry, 1st Rep. (Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1976).

  23. Shea, J. R. (Director, Office of International Programs, USNRC) ERDA Unclassified Briefing on Reactor Plutonium and Nuclear Explosives, memorandum to Commissioners, 3 December 1976.

  24. US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Nuclear Proliferation and Safeguards (Praeger, New York, 1977).

  25. American Physical Society Study Group on Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Waste Management, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50, Part II, S1–S185 (1978).

  26. Griffin, J. (US Energy Research & Development Administration), Press Statement, 4 August 1977.

  27. Wohlstetter, A. et al. Nuclear Physics: Fuel Without the Bomb, 21–56 (Ballinger,Cambridge, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Gilinsky, V. Plutonium, Proliferation and the Price of Money (USNRC S-78-8, 1978).

  29. Lovins, A. B. Bull. atom. Sci. 35(2), 16–22 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Pigford, T. H. & Ang, K. P. Hlth Phys. 29, 451–68 (1975).

  31. Seiden, R. W. ANS/AIF Meet. Washington, DC (Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 1976).

  32. Gyldén, N. & Holm, L. W. Risker für kärnladdningsframställning i det fördolda (FOA 4 rapport C 4567-T3, Forsvarets Forskningsanstalt [Swedish Defense Research Institute], Stockholm, 1974); or Risks of nuclear explosives production in secret, Rep. ERDA-tr-45 (Natn. Tech. Inf. Service, Springfield, 1974).

  33. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Final GESMO, Rep.NUREG-0002 (1976).

  34. Selden, R. W. Reactor Plutonium and Nuclear Explosives (Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, l November 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Harding, J. Nuclear Fuel Burn-up and Fuel Cycle Costs, response to LILCO interrogatories (California Energy Commission, Sacramento, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  36. International Atomic Energy Agency, Reps. GOV/1842 and GOV/1897 (incl. Annexes) (IAEA, Vienna, 1977 and 1978 respectively).

  37. De Volpi, A. Proliferation, Plutonium and Policy (Pergamon, New York, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Clayton, E. D. Nucl. Sci. Engng 52, 417–20 (1973).

  39. 10 Code of Federal Regulations §73.1(b).

  40. Foster, J. Jr Encyc. Am. 20, 251 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Taylor, T. B. A. Rev. nucl. Sci. 25, 407–21 (1975).

  42. Seiden, R. W. Preprint (December 1976 updating ref. 34).

  43. Meyer, W., Loyalka, S. K., Nelson, W. E. & Williams, R. W. Nucl. Safety 18, 427–38 (1977).

  44. Campbell, D. O. & Gift, E. H. Proliferation-Resistant Nuclear Fuel Cycles (Preliminary Rep. ORNL/TM-6392, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Olds, F. C. Power Engng. 38–46 (August 1977).

  46. De Volpi, A. Trans. Am. nucl. Soc. 30, 298 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. American Physical Society Study Group on Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Waste Management, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50, Part II S104n2 (1978).

  48. Ott, H. C. Power Engng 24, 26 (November 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Nonproliferation Alternative Systems Assessment Program, Nuclear Proliferation and Civilian Nuclear Power, Vol. 2, 2–40 draft Rep. DOE/NE-0001 (US Dept. of Energy, Dec. 1979).

  50. Jauho, P. & Virtamo, J. The Effect of Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy upon Nuclear Proliferation (Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, Helsinki, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kjernekraftutvalget, Nuclear Power and Safety, 237 Rep. NOU 1978:35C (Universitets-forlaget, Oslo, 1978).

  52. Wohlstetter, A. et al. Nuclear Physics: Fuel Without the Bomb, 35 (Ballinger, Cambridge, 1978).

  53. Glasstone, S. The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (USAEC/USGPO, Washington DC, 1962/64).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Taylor, T. B. et al. Modification of Strategic Special Nuclear Materials to Deter Their Theft or Unauthorized Use, Rep. IRT-378-R (International Research & Technology Corp., Arlington VA, 1975) (part of USNRC Special Safeguards Study).

    Google Scholar 

  55. American Physical Society Study Group on Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Waste Management, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50, Part II S98 (1978).

  56. American Physical Society Study Group on Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Waste Management, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50, Part II S97 (1978).

  57. Nye, J. S. Jr Time to Plan : The International Search for Safeguardable Nuclear Power (US State Dept. Houston, 30 June 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Snyder, B. J. Non-Proliferation Characteristics of Radioactive Fuel (Office of Policy Evaluation, USNRC, Washington DC, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Gorleben International Review, Report to the Prime Minister of Lower Saxony on the proposed Entsorgungszentrum (Ch. 4), and transcript of the Hannover Hearings (Niedersächsisches Sozialministerium, Hannover, 1979); summarised at 99-125 in Hatzfeldt, H. et al. (eds) Der Gorleben-Report (Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt/M, 1979).

  60. Gilinsky, V. in Nuclear Policies: Fuel Without the Bomb (eds Wohlstetter, A. et al.) 83–91 (Ballinger, Cambridge, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Feiveson, H. A. A. Rev. Energy 3, 357–394 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lovins, A. Nuclear weapons and power-reactor plutonium. Nature 283, 817–823 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1038/283817a0

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/283817a0

This article is cited by

Comments

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing