Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review Article
  • Published:

Selective stabilisation of developing synapses as a mechanism for the specification of neuronal networks

Nature volume 264, pages 705–712 (1976)Cite this article

Abstract

The specificity of synapses in the mammalian brain cannot possibly be accounted for by one-to-one biochemical matching. The alternative proposed in this article is that connections are genetically specified between classes of cells, but the final wiring pattern depends on the refinement of those collections by selective stabilisation during neuronal activity.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Young, J. Z., Proc. R. Soc., Lond. B, 139, 18 (1951).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Couteaux, R., Proc. R. Soc., Lond. B, 158, 457 (1963).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Katz, B., The Release of Neural Transmitter Substances (Liverpool University Press Liverpool, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Katz, B., and Miledi, R., J. Physiol., Lond., 224, 665 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Nachmansohn, D., and Neumann, E., Chemical and Molecular Basis of Nerve Activity (Academic, New York, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Levi-Montalcini, R., Angeletti, R., and Angeletti, P. V., in The Structure and Function of the Nervous Tissue (edit. by Bourne, G.) (Academic, New York, 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Brenner, S., Br. Med. Bull., 29, 269–271 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Benzer, S., Sci. Am., 229, 24–37 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Britten, R., and Davidson, E., Science, 165, 349–357 (1969).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wolpert, L., and Lewis, J. H., Fedn. Proc., 34, 14–20 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sperry, R. W., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 50, 703–710 (1963).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gaze, R. M., and Keating, M. J., Nature, 237, 375–378 (1972).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Prestidge, M., and Willshaw, D., Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 190, 77–98 (1975).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gaze, R. M., The Formation of Nerve Connections, (Academic, London, (1970).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Jacobson, M., Science, 163, 543 (1969).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mark, R., Memory and Nerve Cells Communication (Clarendon, Oxford, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Cajal, S. R., Histologie du Systéme Nerveux del' Homme et des Vertébrés (Maloine Paris, 1911).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Wiesel, T., and Hubel, D., J. comp. Neurol., 158, 307–318 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Pettigrew, J. D., J. Physiol., Lond., 237, 49–74 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Rosenblatt, F., Principles of Neurodynamics: Perceptrons and the Theory of Brain Mechanisms (Spartan Books, Washington, DC, 1961).

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Von der Malsburg, C., Kybernik, 14, 85–100 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Changeux, J. P., Courrége, P., and Danchin, A., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 70, 2974–2978 (1973).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Changeux, J. P., and Danchin, A., in L'Unité de l' Homme, (edit by Morin, E., and Piattelli, M.), 320–357 (Le Seuil, Paris, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Nass, M. N., and Cooper, L. N., Biological Cybernetics, 19, 1–18 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Perez, R., Glass, L., and Shlaer, R., J. math. Biol., 1, 275–288 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Langley, J. N., J. Physiol., Lond., 23, 240 (1898).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Langley, J. N., and Anderson, H. K., J. Physiol., Lond., 31, 365–391 (1904).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. De Castro, F., Trab. lab. Invest. biol. Univ. Madr., 34, 217–262 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Altman, J., and Anderson, W. J., J. comp. Neurol., 146, 355–406 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hamori, J., in Neurobiology of Cerebellar Evolution and Development (edit. by Llinas, R.), 845–858 (American Medical Association, Chicago, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Herndon, R. M., Margolis, G., and Kilham, L., J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol., 30, 557–570 (1971).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hirano, A., Dembitzer, H., and Jones, M., ibid., 31, 113–125 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Llinas, R., Hillman, D. E., and Precht, W., J. Neurobiol., 4, 69–94 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sidman, R., in The Cell Surface in Development, (edit. by Moscona, A.) 221–253, (Wiley, New York, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Rakic, P., and Sidman, R., J. comp. Neurol., 152, 133–162 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Hirano, A., and Dembitzer, J., J. Cell, Biol., 56, 478–486 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Sotelo, C., and Changeux, J. P., Brain Res., 77, 484–491 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sotelo, C., Brain Res., 94, 19–44 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Landmesser, L., J. Physiol., 213, 707–725 (1971).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Landmesser, L., J. Physiol., 220, 243–256 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Bennett, M., McLachlan, E., and Taylor, R., J. PhysioL., Lond., 233, 501 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Guth, L., Am. J. Physiol, 185, 205–208 (1956).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Matsumura, M., and Koelle, G. B., J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 134, 28–46 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. McLachlan, E., J. Physiol., Lond., 237, 217–242 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Purves, D., Nature, 256, 589–590 (1975).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Nurse, C. A., and O'Lague, P. H., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 72, 1955–1959 (1975).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Betz, N., J. Physiol., 254, 75–86 (1976).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. O'Lague, P. H., Obata, K., Claude, P., Furshpan, E. J., and Potter, D. D., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 71, 3602 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Lopresti, V., Macagno, E., and Levinthal, C., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 70, 433–437 (1973).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Levinthal, F., Macagno, E., and Levinthal, C., Cold Spring Harb. Symp quant. Biol., 40, 321–332 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Hamburger, V., in The Neurosciences Second Study Program (edit. by Schmidt, F. O.), 141–151 (Rockefeller University Press, New York, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Levi-Montalcini, R., and Visintini, F., Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. Naples Boll., 13, 979–981 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ripley, K. L., and Provine, R. R., Brain Res., 45, 127–134 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Oppenheim, R. W., in Advances in the Study of Behaviour, (edit. by Lehrman, D., Hinde, Shaw, and Rosenblatt), (Academic, New York, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Bennett, M. R., and Pettigrew, A. G., J. Physiol., 241, 515–545 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Filogamo, G., and Gabella, G., Arch. Biol. Liége, 78, 9–60 (1967).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Mumenthaler, M., and Engel, W. K., Acta Anat., 47, 274–299 (1961).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kelly, A. M., and Zacks, S. I., J. Cell Biol., 42. 154–169 (1969).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Teräväinen, H., Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat., 87, 249–265 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Diamond, J., and Miledi, R., J. Physiol, 162, 393–408 (1962).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Vogel, Z., Sytkowski, A., and Nirenberg, M., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 69, 3180–3184 (1972).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hartzell, H., and Fambrough, D., Devl Biol, 30, 153–165 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kano, M., and Shimada, Y., J. Cell Biol., 78, 233 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Robbins, N., and Yonezawa, T., J. gen. Physiol, 58, 467 (1971).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Fischbach, G. Z., and Cohen, S., Devl Biol, 31, 147–162 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kidokoro, Y., and Heinemann, S., Nature, 252, 593–594 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Vaughn, J. E., and Grieshaber, J. A., J. comp. Neurol., 148, 177–210 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Skoff, R., and Hamburger, V., J. comp. Neurol., 153, 107–148 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Privat, A., Drian, M., and Mandon, P., J. comp. Neurol., 153, 291–307 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Pappas, G., Fox, G., Masurovsky, E., Peterson, E., and Crain, S., Adv. Neurol., 12, 163–180 (1975).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Fischbach, G. Z., in (Pathogenesis of the Human Muscular Dystrophies (edit. by Rowland, L.), (in the press).

  72. Filogamo, G., in Symp. int. Soc. Cell Biol, 321–333 (Academic . New York 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Bray, D., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 65, 905–910 (1970).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Collin, R., Le Névraxe, 8, 185 (1906).

    Google Scholar 

  75. Hughes, A., Aspects of Neural Ontogeny (Academic, New York, 1968).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Prestidge, M. C., Brit. Med. Bull., 30, 107–111 (1974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Cowan, W. M., in Development and Ageing of the Nervous System (edit. by Rockstein, M.), (Academic, New York, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  78. Hamburger, V., J. comp. Neurol., 160, 535–546 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Hughes, A., J. Embryol. exp. Morph., 9, 269–284 (1961).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Harris, J. B., and Flanagan, A. E., J. Morph., 129, 281–305 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Romanes, G. J., J. Anat., 80, 117–131 (1946).

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Redfern, P., J. Physiol., 209, 701–709 (1970).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Jansen, J. K., Van Essen, D. C., and Brown, M. C., Cold Spring Harb. Symp. quant. Biol, 40, 425–434 (1976).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Benoit, P., and Changeux, J. P., Brain Res., 99, 354–358 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Sissons, H., in Research in Muscular Dystrophy, 89–98(Pitman, London, 1963).

    Google Scholar 

  86. Westerman, R., Lewis, D., Bagust, J., Edjtehadi, G., and Pallot, D., in Memory and Transfer of Information, (edit. by Zippel, H.), 255–291 (Plenum, London, 1973).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  87. Nystrom, B., Acta neurol. Scand., 44, 363–383 (1968).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Bagust, J., Lewis, D., and Westerman, R., J. Physiol. Lond., 237, 75–90 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Bagust, J., Lewis, D., and Westerman, R., J. Physiol., Lond., 229, 241–255 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Eccles, J. L., Llinas, R., and Sasaki, K., J. Physiol., Lond., 182, 268–296 (1966).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Delhaye-Bouchaud, N., Crepel, F., and Mariani, J., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 281, 909–912 (1975).

    MathSciNet  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Crepel, F., Mariani, J., and Delhaye-Bouchaud, N., J. Neurobiol., (in the press).

  93. Hamburger, V., J. exp. Zool, 68, 449–494 (1934).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Hamburger, V., and Levi-Montalcini, R., J. exp. Zool, 111, 457–502 (1949).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Hamburger, V., Am. J. Anat., 102, 365–410 (1958).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Prestige, M. C., J. Embryol. exp. Morph., 13, 63–72. (1965).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Prestige, M. C., J. Embryol. exp. Morph., 17, 453–471 (1967).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Prestige, M. C., J. Embryol. exp. Morph., 18, 359–387 (1967).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Burt, A., and Narayanan, C. H., Expl Neurol., 29, 201–210 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Sotelo, C., and Changeux, J. P., Brain Res., 67, 519–526 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Crepel, F., and Mariani, J., J, Brain Res., 98, 135–147 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Mallet, J., Huchet, M., Pougeois, R., and Changeux, J. P., Brain Res., 103, 291–312 (1976).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Drachman, D. B., Arch. Neurol., 17, 206–218 (1967).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Drachman, D. B., in Growth of the Nervous System, (edit. by Wolstenholme, G. E., and O'Connor, M.), 251–273 (Churchill, London, 1968).

    Google Scholar 

  105. Drachman, D. B., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc., 183, 158–170 (1971).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Drachman, D. B., J. Physiol., Lond., 226, 619–627 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. Giacobini, G., Filogamo, G., Weber, M., Boquet, P., and Changeux, J. P., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 70, 1708–1712 (1973).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Giacobini-Robecchi, M. G., Giacobini, G., Filogamo, G., and Changeux, J. P., Brain Res., 83, 107–121 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Giacobini, G., Giacobini-Robecchi, M. G., Filogamo, G., and Changeux, J. P., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 283, 271–274 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  110. Gordon, T., Perry, R., Tuffery, A., and Vrbova, G., Cell Tiss. Res., 155, 13–25 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Gordon, T., Tuffery, A., and Vrbova, G., in Recent Advances in Myology, 22–26 (Excepta Medica, Amsterdam, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  112. Gordon, T., and Vrbova, G., Pflüger's Arch., 360, 349–364 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Duchen, L. W., J. Neurol. Sci., 14, 47–60 (1971).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Miledi, R., and Szczepaniak, Proc. R. Soc. B., 190, 267–274 (1975).

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Banks, B. E., Shipolini, R., and Szczepaniak, A., Bull. Inst. Pasteur, 74, 25–33 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Crain, S. M., and Peterson, E. R., In vitro, 6, 373 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  117. Cohen, M. W., Brain Res., 41, 457–463 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Steinbach, J. H., Harris, A. J., Patrick, J., Schubert, D., and Heinemann, S., J. gen. Physiol., 62, 255–270 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  119. Steinbach, J. H., Nature, 248, 70–71 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Van Essen, D., and Jansen, J. K., Acta Physiol. Scand., 91, 571–573 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Freeman, J., Lutin, W. A., and Brady, R. N., Abut. Am. Ass. Neurosci., 91 (1976).

  122. Woodward, D. T., Hoffer, B. J., and Altman, J., J. Neurobiol., 5, 283–304 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Crepel, F., Delhaye-Bouchaud, N., and Legrand, J., Arch. Ital. Biol, 114, 49–74 (1976).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Mariani, J., and Crepel, F., J. Neurobiol., (in the press).

  125. Thoenen, H., Pharmacol. revs., 24, 255–267 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Hendry, I., and Iversen, L., Nature, 243, 500–504 (1973).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Iversen, L., Stöckel, K., and Thoenen, H., Brain Res., 88, 37–43 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Barnard, E., Wieckowski, J., and Chiu, T. H., Nature, 234, 207–209 (1971).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Fambrough, D., and Hartzell, H. C., Science N. Y., 176, 189–191 (1972).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Porter, C. W., Chiu, T. H., Wieckowski, J., and Barnard, E., Nature new Biol., 241, 3–7 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Porter, C. W., and Barnard, E., Chiu, T., J. mem. Biol., 14, 383–402 (1974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Salpeter, M., and Eldefrawi, M., J. Histochem. Cytochem., 21, 769–778 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Fertuck, H., and Salpeter, M., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 71, 1376–1378 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Porter, C., and Barnard, E., J. Mem. Biol., 20, 31–49 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Bourgeois, J. P., Ryter, A., Menez, A., Fromageot, P., Boquet, P., and Changeux, J. P., FEBS Lett., 25, 127 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Bourgeois, J. P., thesis, Univ. Paris (1974).

  137. Bourgeois, J. P., Popot, J. L., Ryter, A., and Changeux, J. P., Brain Res., 62, 557–563 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Tello, F., Trab. lab. Invest. Biol. Univ. Mad., 5, 117–151 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  139. Taver, S., Physiol. Rev., 19, 1–48 (1939).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Gutmann, E., and Young, J. Z., J. Anat. Lond., 78, 15–43 (1944).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Birks, R., Katz, B., and Miledi, R., J. Physiol., 150, 145–168 (1960).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  142. Axelson, J., and Thesleff, S., J. Physiol., 147, 178–193 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Miledi, R., J. Physiol., 151, 1–23 (1960).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Miledi, R., J. Physiol., 151, 24–30 (1960).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  145. Lee, C. Y., Tseng, L., and Chiu, T., Nature, 215, 1177–1178 (1967).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Frank, E., Gautvik, K., and Sommershild, H., Acta Physiol. Scand., 95, 66 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Hartzell, C., and Fambrough, D., Dev. Biol., 30, 153–165 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Devreotes, P. N., and Fambrough, D., J. Cell Biol., 65, 335–358 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Fambrough, D. E., in Neurochemistry of Cholinergic Receptors (edit by De Robertis, E., and Schacht, J.), (Raven, New York, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  150. Edidin, M., A. Rev. Biophys. Bioengng, 3, 179 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Edidin, M., and Fambrough, D., J. Cell Biol., 57, 27 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  152. Berg, D., and Hall, Z. W., Science, 184, 473–475 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Chang, C., and Huang, M., Nature, 253, 643–644 (1975).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Berg, D., and Hall, Z. W., J. Physiol., 252, 771–789 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Brockes, J. P., and Hall, Z. W., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 72, 1368–1372 (1975).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Merlie, J., Sobel, A., Changeux, J. P., and Gros, F., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci U. S. A., 72, 4028–4032 (1975).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Devreotes, P., and Fambrough, D. M., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 73, 161–164 (1976).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Merlie, J., Changeux, J. P., and, Gros, S., Nature, 264, 74–76 (1976).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Beranek, R., and Vyskočil, F., J. Physiol., Lond., 188, 53–66 (1967).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  160. Feltz, A., and Mallart, A., J. Physiol., Lond., 228, 101–116 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. Alper, R., Lowy, J., and Schmidt, J., FEBS Lett., 48, 130–134 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Brockes, J., and Hall, Z. W., Biochemistry, 14, 2100–2106 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Teichberg, V., and Changeux, J. P., FEBS Lett., 67, 264–268 (1976).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Changeux, J. P., in Cell Surface in Development (edit. by Moscona, A. A.), 207–220 (Wiley, New York, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  165. Fambrough, D., Science, 168, 372–373 (1970).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Grampp, W., Harris, J. B., and Thesleff, S., J. Physiol., Lond., 221, 743–754 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Lømo, T., and Rosenthal, G., J. Physiol., Lond., 221, 493–513 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  168. Drachman, D., and Witzke, F., Science, 176. 514–516 (1972).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Lømo, T., and Westgaard, R. H., J. Physiol., Lond., 252, 603–626 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  170. Hogan, P., Marshall, J. P., and Hall, Z. W., Nature, 261, 328–330 (1976).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Cohen, S., and Fischbach, G., Science, N. Y., 181, 76–78 (1973).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Changeux, J. P., Courrege, P., and Danchin, A., C. R. Acad. Sci. (in the press).

  173. Greengard, P., Nature, 260, 101–108 (1976).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Cohen, P., Trends Biochem Sci., 1, 38–42 (1976).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Boyer, P., The Enzymes, (3rd edn), 8, 9 (Academic, New York, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  176. Stadtman, E., in The Enzymes, (3rd edn), 10, (edit. by Boyer, P.), 755–808 (Academic, New York, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  177. Roseman, S., Chem. Phys. Lipids, 5, 270–297 (1970).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Sharon, N., Sci. Amer., 230, 78–85 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Cabib, E., Ulane, R., and Bowers, F., in Current Topics in Cellular Regulation (edit. by Horecker, B., and Stadtman, E.), 8.

  180. Holzer, H., in Metabolic Interconversion of Enzymes (edit. by Fischer, E., Krebs, E., Neurath, H., and Stadtman, E. R.), (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  181. Edelman, G. M., Science, 192, 218–225 (1976).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Whittaker, V. P., Naturwissenschaften, 60, 280 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  183. Hubbard, J. L., Musick, J., and Silinsky, E., Colloque: la Transmission Choliner-gique del'Excitation, 187–195 (INSERM, 1972).

  184. Stent, G., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 70, 997 (1973).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Rasmussen, H., Science, 170, 404 (1970).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Rose, B., and Loewenstein, W., Science, 190, 1204–1206 (1975).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Tomkins, G., Science, 189, 760–763 (1975).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Takeuchi, N., J. Physiol., Lond., 167, 141–155 (1963).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  189. Lièvremont, M., Czajka, M., and Tazieff-Depierre, C. R. Acad. Sci., 267, 1988–1991 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  190. Kasai, M., and Changeux, J. P., J. Memhr. Biol., 6, 24–57 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Evans, R. H., J. Phvsiol., Lond., 240, 517–533 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Baker, P. F., Hodgkin, A. L., and Ridgway, E., J. Physiol., Lond., 218, 709 (1971).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  193. Llinas, R., Blinks, J. R., and Nicholson, C., Science, 176, 1127 (1972).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Stinnakre, J., and Tauc, L., Nature, 242, 113–115 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Gordon, T., Purves, R., and Vrbova, G., J. Physiol., Lond. (in the press).

  196. Kugelberg, E., J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 12, 129 (1949).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Buchthal, F., Med. Neurol., 3, 16 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Desmedt, J. E., and Borenstein, S., Nature, 246, 500–501 (1973).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Henser, J. E., and Reese, T. S., J. Cell Biol., 57, 315 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  200. Zimmermann, H., and Whittaker, V. P., J. Neurochem., 22, 435–450 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Buisseret, P., and Imbert, M., J. Physiol., Lond., 255, 511–525 (1976).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  202. Landmesser, L., and Morris, D., J. Physiol., Lond., 249, 301–326 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut Pasteur and College de France, Paris, France

    Jean-Pierre Changeux & Antoine Danchin

Authors
  1. Jean-Pierre Changeux
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Antoine Danchin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Changeux, JP., Danchin, A. Selective stabilisation of developing synapses as a mechanism for the specification of neuronal networks. Nature 264, 705–712 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1038/264705a0

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/264705a0

This article is cited by

Comments

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing