Nature 243, 450 - 453 (22 June 1973); doi:10.1038/243450a0

Transformation of Mammalian Cells in vitro by Low Doses of X-rays

CARMIA BOREK & ERIC J. HALL

Radiological Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032

X-irradiation of hamster embryo cells in culture, followed by cloning of the cells, was used to obtain a dose−response curve in terms of cell transformation. Transformations were observed for doses as low as 1 rad.

References

1.	Borek, C., and Sachs, L., Nature, 210, 276 (1966).
2.	Borek, C., Higashino, S., and Loewenstein, W. R., J. Memb. Biol., 1, 274 (1969).
3.	Borek, C., and Sachs, L., Proc. US Nat. Acad. Sci., 57, 1522 (1967).
4.	Borek, C., and Sachs, L., Proc. US Nat. Acad. Sci., 59, 83 (1968).
5.	Borek, C., and Sachs, L., Proc. US Nat. Acad. Sci., 56, 1705 (1966).
6.	Inbar, M., and Sachs, L., Proc. US Nat. Acad. Sci., 63, 1418 (1969).
7.	Klein, J. C., van der Western, A. M., and Hasper, J., Ann. Rep. Radiobiol. Inst., 53 (TNO, Rijswijk, 1970).
8.	Borek, C., Proc. US Nat. Acad. Sci., 69, 956 (1972).
9.	Ham, R. G., and Puck, T. T., Methods in Enzymol. (edit. by Colwick, S. P., and Kaplan, M. D.), 5, 90 (1952).
10.	Sanders, F. K., and Burford, B. O., Nature, 200, 786 (1964).
11.	MacPherson, I., and Montagnier, L., Virology, 23, 291 (1964).
12.	Burger, M. M., Proc. US Nat. Acad. Sci., 62, 994 (1969).
13.	Borek, C., Grob, M., and Burger, M. M., Exp. Cell. Res., 77, 107 (1973).
14.	Whitmore, G. F., and Till, J. E., Ann. Rev. Nuclear Sci., 14, 347 (1964).
15.	Abercrombie, M., and Ambrose, E. J., Cancer Res., 22, 52 (1962).
16.	Miller, D. A., Dev, V. G., Borek, C., and Miller, O. J., Cancer Res., 32, 2374 (1972).
17.	Weinstein, I. B., Gerbert, R., Stadler, U. C., Orenstein, J. M., and Axel, R., Science, 178, 1098 (1972).
18.	Furth, J., and Lorenz, E., Radiation Biology (edit. by Hollander, A. H.), 1, 1145 (1954).
19.	Bond, V. P., Cronkite, E. P., Lippincott, S. W., and Shellabarger, C. J., Rad. Res., 12, 276 (1960).
20.	Upton, A. C., Cancer Res., 21, 717 (1961).
21.	Gray, L. H., Cellular Radiation Biology, 7 (William and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1965).
22.	International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication No. 9 (Pergamon, New York, 1966).
23.	Health Physics, 12, 302 (1966).
24.	Rossi, H. H., and Kellerer, A. M., Science, 175, 200 (1972).
25.	Puck, T. T., Rev. Mod. Phys., 31, 433 (1959).
26.	Puck, T. T., Proc. US Nat. Acad. Sci., 44, 772 (1958).
27.	Yamada, M., and Puck, T. T., Proc. US Nat. Acad. Sci., 47, 1181 (1961).
28.	Stoker, M. G. P., Proc. Roy. Soc., B, 181, 1 (1972).
29.	Liaharman, M., and Kaplan, H. L., Science, 130, 387 (1959).