Nature 227, 577 - 579 (08 August 1970); doi:10.1038/227577a0

Was Virchow Right about Neandertal ?

FRANCIS IVANHOE

Hughes Parry Hall, Cartwright Gardens, London WCI

Neandertals living in early Würm times may have suffered from a vitamin D deficiency.

References

1.	Virchow, R., Z. Ethnol., 4, 157 (1872).
2.	Blake, G. C., J. Anthrop. Soc. Lond., 2, 139 (1864).
3.	Morant, G. M., Ann. Eugen., 3, 337 (1928).
4.	Vallois, H., Anthropologie, Paris, 45, 71 (1935).
5.	Howell, F. C., S. West. J. Anthrop., 8, 377 (1952).
6.	Oakley, K. P., Frameworks for Dating Fossil Man (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1964).
7.	Terra, H. de, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., N. S., 32, 437 (1943).
8.	Weidenreich, F., Anthrop. Pap. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 43, 211 (1951).
9.	Guenther, E. W., Ber. D. Gesell. Anthrop., 6 Tagung Kiel, 202 (1958).
10.	Higgs, E. S., and Brothwell, D. R., Man, 61, 138 (1961).
11.	Bordes, F., The Old Stone Age (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1968).
12.	Sauvage, H. E., in Reliquiae Aquitanicae (edit. by Lartet, L., and Christy, H.), 219 (Williams and Norgate, London, 1875).
13.	Breuil, H., and St-Perier, R. de, Arhs. Inst. Paléont. Hum., 2, 1 (1927).
14.	St-Perier, R. de, Anthropologie, Paris, 38, 17 (1928).
15.	Clark, J. G. D., Antiq. J., 28, 45 (1948).
16.	Bordes, F., in Hundert Jahre Neanderthaler (edit. by Koenigswald, G. H. R. von), 175 (Kemink en Zoon, Utrecht, 1958).
17.	Sonneville-Bordes, D. de, Science, 142, 347 (1963).
18.	Harris, L. J., Vitamins in Theory and Practice, fourth ed., Cambridge Univ. Press, 1955).
19.	McCance, R. A., and Widdowson, E. M., Spec. Rep. Ser. Med. Res. Counc., 297, 1 (1960).
20.	Loomis, W. F., Science, 157, 501 (1967).
21.	Butzer, K. W., Environment and Archaeology (Methuen, London, 1964).
22.	Fairbridge, R. W., Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 95, 542 (1961).
23.	McBurney, C. B. M., and Hey, R. W., Prehistory and Pleistocene Geology in Cyrenaican Libya (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1955).
24.	Tode, A., and Preul, F., Eiszeitalter Gegenw., 3, 144 (1953).
25.	Martin, H., Anthropologie, Paris, 31, 331 (1921).
26.	Garrod, D. A. E., and Buxton, L. H. D., J. R. Anthrop. Inst., 58, 33 (1928).
27.	Sebrell, jun., W. H., and Harris, R. S., The Vitamins, 2 (Academic Press, New York, 1954).
28.	Patte, E., L'Enfant Neanderthalien du Pech-de-l'Aze (Masson, Paris, 1957).
29.	Ullrich, H., in Hundert Jahre Neanderthaler (edit. by Koenigswald, G. H. R. von), 72 (Kemink en Zoon, Utrecht, 1958).
30.	Fraipont, C., Arch. Inst. Paleont. Hum., 16, 1 (1936).
31.	Bartucz, L., Dancza, J., et al., Geologica Hung., Ser. Palaeont., 8 (14), 1 (1939).
32.	Senyurek, M., Anatolia, 2, 49 (1957).
33.	Ewing, J. F., Fifth Intern. Congr. Anthrop. Ethnol. Sci., 535 (1960).
34.	Capitan, L., and Peyrony, D., Revue Anthrop., 31, 382 (1921).
35.	Klaatsch, H., Z. Ethnol., 42, 513 (1910).
36.	Mellanby, M., Physiol. Rev., 8, 545 (1928).
37.	Engfeldt, B., and Hjertquist, S. O., Wld. Rev. Nutr. Diet., 2, 185 (1960).
38.	Clark, G. L., and Mrgudich, J. N., Amer. J. Physiol., 108, 74 (1934).
39.	Sognnaes, R. F., Amer. J. Path., 32, 547 (1956).
40.	Baud, C. A., Durif, S., and Morgenthaler, P. W., Archs. Suisses Anthrop. Gen., 19, 37 (1954).