Nature 176, 48 - 51 (09 July 1955); doi:10.1038/176048a0

History of Cole (Brassica sp.)

G. E. FUSSELL

1. "Agricultural Statistics".
2. Smith, John , "Dictionary of Economic Plants" (1882), p. 73, citing Pleachey, Dr. , "Herbal" (1706). Raven, C. E. , "English Naturalists from Neckam to Ray" (1947), p. 75, citing Turner , "Herbal", p. G.ii.
3. Smith, John , ibid., p. 74.
4. Pliny , "Nat. Hist.", 18, c. xii.
5. Columella IIx. Palladius, liber VIII, II.
6. Ernle , "English Farming Past and Present", p. 100 (1932).
7. Lindemans, Paul , "Geschiedenis van de Landbouw in België", 2, 269 (1952).
8. Darby, H. C. , "The Draining of the Fens", pp. 62, 54 (1940).
9. Duke of Bedford, "A Great Agricultural Estate", p. 47 (1897).
10. Ann. Agric., 43, 126 (1805).
11. Blith, Walter , "English Improver Improved", 3rd ed., pp. 253–254 (1652). This advice was repeated almost verbatim by Worlidge, "Systema Agriculture", p. 42 (1666), especially about the seed.
12. Darby , op. cit., pp. 77, 84.
13. Ibid., pp. 87, 93. Willan, T. S. , "The English Coasting Trade, 1600–1750", App. 2, p. 207 (1938).
14. Letter from Coleman, Dr. D. C. , December 21, 1954, cf. Ernle , op. cit., p. 136.
15. Letter from Brooks, F. T. , University of Hull, December 21, 1954.
16. Information supplied by Huth, Felix, County Archivist, Maidstone, Kent.
17. Mortimer, J. , "The Whole Art of Husbandry", pp. 155–157 (1716). Anon , "Dictionarium Rustieum", art. coleseed (1716). Laurence, John , "A New System of Agric.", pp. 112, 113 (1726).
18. Ellis, William , "The Modern Husbandman", 3, pp. 29–39 (1750). "Elis' Husbandry Abridged Methodiz'd", 1, p. 481 (1772).
19. ( Hale, Thomas ), "Compleat Body of Husbandry", pp. 502–511 (1756).
20. Mordant, John , "The Complete Steward", p. 296 (1761).
21. Kent, Nathaniel , "Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property", p. 145 (1776). Adam, James , "Practical Essays of Agriculture", 1, pp. 505–513 (1789). Society of Gentlemen, "The Complete Farmer" (1766). art. Cole or Rape, cf. ( Henry, David ), "The Complete English Farmer", p. 359 (1771).
22. Forsyth, Robert , "The Principles and Practice of Agriculture", 2, pp. 308–309 (1804). Ringsted, Josiah , "The Farmer" 2nd ed., pp. 22, 23 (c. 1800).
23. Cited in Adam, James, op. cit., pp. 518, 520.
24. Young, Arthur , "General View of...Essex", 2, pp. 27–30 (1807).
25. Rudge, Thomas , "General View of...Gloucester", p. 154 (1807). Vancouver, Charles , "Hampshire", p. 182 (1813). Boys, John , "Kent", p. 93 (1796). Pitt, W. , "Stafford", p. 56 (1796); here it was restricted by many leases, ibid., p. 71 (1808). Young, Arthur , "Lincoln", pp. 95, 134 (1799). Young, A. , "Suffolk", pp. 74, 75 (1797). Tuke, John , "N.R. Yorkshire", p. 131 (1800). Marshall, William , "Rural Econ. of Yorkshire", 2, p. 29 (1788).
26. Sinclair, Sir John , "Code of Agriculture", pp. 26, 27 (1817).
27. Carr, J. Stanley , "Rural Economy of Schleswig Holstein and Lauenburg", J. Roy. Agric. Soc. Eng., pp. 373, 374 (1840); "On the Rural Economy Abroad", ibid., p. 125.
28. Rham, Rev W. L. , "On the Agriculture of the Netherlands", pt. II, J. Roy. Agric. Soc. Eng., pp. 251, 253 (1942). Rham here quotes extensively from his "Outlines of Flemish Husbandry", included in "British Husbandry", 3 (1840). cf. Morton, John C. , "Cyclopædia of Agriculture", Arts. Oilcake and Flemish Husbandry (1856).
29. Loudon, J. C. , "An Encyclopædia of Agriculture", 2nd ed., pp. 931–933 (1831).
30. Baxter's , "Library of Agricultural...Knowledge", 3rd ed., pp. 542 543 (1836). cf. "British Husbandry", pp. 249, 250, 312, 313 (1837)
31. e.g. Hannam, John , "On the Use and Application of Rape Dust", J. Roy. Agric. Soc. Eng. (1843). Pusey, Ph. , "On the Agriculture of Lincolnshire", ibid.; "On the Use of Rape Seed as Feed for Stock", ibid. (1849). Charnock, J. H. , "On the Advantage of using a proportion of Rape as a Feed for Stock", ibid. (1850). Clarke, J. H. , "On the Farming of Lincolnshire", ibid. (1851).
32. Anon., "The Gardener's and Farmer's Reason Why", pp. 84–88 (1860). Morton, J. C. , "Handbook of Farm Labour", p. 126 (1868). Ward , and Lock's , "Book of Farm Management and Country Life" (1880). Burn, R. Scott , "Outlines of Modern Farming", Pt. 1, pp. 188–189 (1888). Webb, Henry J. , "Advanced Agriculture", pp. 175, 315, 327, 345 (1894).
33. Fream's , "Elements of Agriculture", ed. by Davis, G. R. Ainsworth, 9th ed., p. 182 (1914).
34. Mitchell, C. Ainsworth , "Oils", p. 15 (1916?). "Encyclo. Brit." (1946). Thorpe's , "Dictionary of Applied Chemistry" (1949). The Commonwealth Economic Council, "Vegetable Oils"; and information supplied by I.C.I.